B5 The Living Body

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Describe the process of ossification.
Cartilage replaced by bone; by adding calcium/phosphorus; some cartilage left on bone heads; some cartilage left when growing between head and shaft
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What type of synovial joint is found at the a) Shoulder b) Elbow?
a) Ball and Socket b) Hinge
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What are the functions of synovial fluid?
Acts as a cushion/absorbs shock; provides lubrication.
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Explain how the forearm acts as a lever?
Multiplies effort of muscle contraction; elbows act as fulcrum.
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Fish have a _____ circulatory system and a ___ chambered heart. Mammals have a ____ circulatory system and a _____ chambered heart.
Single/closed; two; double; four.
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What are the advantages of a double circulatory system?
Creates a higher blood pressure; enabling faster distribution of food and oxygen; separates deoxygenated and oxygenated blood.
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Why does the blood pressure vary in the arteries?
As the heart muscle in the ventricles contracts, there is higher blood pressure; As the heart muscle relaxes, there is lower blood pressure.
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Why is the blood pressure higher in the arteries than in the veins?
Because of the muscle contraction in the left ventricle; blood travels around the body before it reaches the veins.
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Why does the blood pressure in the capillaries need to be low?
The walls are very thin and one cell thick; High blood pressure would burst walls; allows for gas exchange.
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What are the causes and consequences of osteoporosis?
Lack of calcium and phosphorus in bones of elderly people; so long bones are not as strong and have a low density; there is a higher risk of a fracture.
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Explain why all unborn babies have a 'hole in the heart'?
Lungs in a unborn baby not working since the baby is surrounded by fluid, so blood is oxygenated at placenta not lungs, so the blood circulation changes at birth.
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Describe the process of blood clotting?
Blood platelets in contact with air/damaged blood vessels; series of chemical reactions/cascade process; mesh of fibrin fibres form
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Name the two types of agglutinin in the blood?
Antigens and antibodies.
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Explain the process of agglutination?
Blood clumps when incompatible blood is mixed e.g. blood group A giving blood to a blood group B person.
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How does the respiratory system protect itself against disease?
Sticky mucus traps foreign particles; cilia bet and move mucus away.
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What are the 3 symptoms of asthma?
Tight chest, wheezing and difficulty breathing.
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What happens during an asthma attack?
Lining of the airways become inflamed; fluid builds up in airways; since more oxygen needed for respiration.
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Why is it important to physically digest food?
It breaks down food on a larger surface area for enzyme action; allows food to pass through digestive system more easily.
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The pH of a stomach is different from that in the mouth and small intestine. Explain why.
Stomach is acid/low pH whereas mouth and small intestine if high pH/alkaline because there are different enzymes present and have different optimum pH values.
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Which food molecules are absorbed into the a) blood plasma b) lymph??
a) Glucose/Amino acids. b) Fatty acids.
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What effect will the removal of the gall bladder have on digestion?
Fats not emulsified; to provide a large surface area so fat digestion will be slow and incomplete
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Describe the three main functions of a kidney tubule?
1) Filter unit of glomerulus and capsule 2) Region of selective reabsorption 3) Region of salt and water regulation.
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What can affect urine concentration?
Exercise and water intake.
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Why must carbon dioxide be removed from the body?
It is toxic at high levels.
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How does the body respond to high levels of Carbon Dioxide?
It is detected by detectors in the carotid artery/brain and breathing/heart rate increases.
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What is the function of oestrogen?
To repair the uterus wall.
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What are the 3 main problems in organ donation?
Not enough donors, tissue doesn't match and the size and age of the donor organ.
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What organ can be donated by a live donor?
Kidney.
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Where is the human growth hormone produced?
The pituitary gland. It stimulates general growth, especially in long bones.
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What are the two ways to check developing foetus' for abnormalities?
Amniocentesis (extracting and testing cells in the amnionic fluid) and chromosomal analysis (using a blood test)
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How is the small intestine adapted for efficient absorption of food?
By having an extensive system of blood capillaries and an extensive lymphatic system of lacteals, which contain lymph. It has a large surface area created by many villi and microvilli (projections).
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What does a blocked coronary artery do?
Reduces the blood flow to the heart muscles. It can be bypassed by transplanting a blood vessel from another part of the body.
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How do pacemakers control heart rate?
By producing a small electric current to stimulate muscle contraction.
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What do SAN and AVN do?
SAN causes the atria to contract and stimulates the AVN. AVN makes impulses which cause he ventricles to contract.
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What are the advantages of an internal skeleton?
Provides an internal framework, grows with the rest of the body, is flexible due to many joints and allows easy attachment of muscles.
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What are antagonistic muscles?
A pair of muscles working together, as one contracts the other relaxes!
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What type of synovial joint is found at the a) Shoulder b) Elbow?

Back

a) Ball and Socket b) Hinge

Card 3

Front

What are the functions of synovial fluid?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Explain how the forearm acts as a lever?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Fish have a _____ circulatory system and a ___ chambered heart. Mammals have a ____ circulatory system and a _____ chambered heart.

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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