B2.3- Enzymes and Digestion
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- Created by: EllaBella888
- Created on: 09-12-16 17:27
What are proteins made of?
Long chains of small units called amino acids
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What is the difference between different proteins?
They have different arrangements of amino acids
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What do proteins do? Give four examples.
1. Structural components such as muscles and tendons 2. Hormones such as insulin 3. Antibodies which destroy pathogens 4. Catalysts in the form of enzymes
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What is a catalyst?
It speeds up a chemical reaction but it is not used up in the reaction.
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What are enzymes?
Special biological catalysts that speed up reactions
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Describe the structure of an enzyme.
Large protein molecules, which are long chains of amino acids folded to produce a molecule with a specific shape
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What is the active site of an enzyme?
A part of the protein that other molecules can fit into
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Give three things enzymes are involved in.
1. Building large molecules from lots of smaller ones 2. Changing one molecule into another 3. Breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones
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Do enzymes change the reaction in any way?
No, they just make it happen faster
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Describe how an enzyme works.
Substrate binds into active site of enzyme Reaction takes place rapidly and products are released from the surface of the enzyme
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Why does milk go off if left for too long?
The enzymes in bacteria break down the protein structure in milk.
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What happens to enzyme-controlled reactions as the temperature increases from 20 degrees C to 35 degrees C?
The reaction rate would increase.
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What happens to the reaction rate over about 40 degrees C? Why?
The reaction rate will drop dramatically, the protein structure of the enzyme is disrupted and the shape of the active site is changed meaning it can no longer catalyse the reaction.
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What is this changing of protein shape called?
Denaturing
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How does a change in pH affect a protein’s structure?
It disrupts the forces that hold the chains of amino acids together.
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Why is it dangerous when you get a temperature?
All the enzymes in your body will begin to denature if you get too hot and all the vital reactions in your body will slow down, meaning you could die.
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What is the scientific name for breaking down food?
Digesting
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What controls this process?
Digestive enzymes
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What is unusual about digestive enzymes?
They work outside of cells
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Where are digestive enzymes produced?
In specialised cells of glands and the lining of your gut
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How does your gut aid digestion?
It squeezes food to break it into smaller pieces and mixes the food with digestive enzymes.
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What are the enzymes called that digest carbohydrates?
Carbohydrases
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What is the enzyme that breaks down starch called?
Amylase
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Where is this enzyme made?
Salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine
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What is the generic name for enzymes that break down proteins?
Proteases
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What do these enzymes break proteins down into?
Amino acids
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What is another name for fats?
Lipids
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What are fats broken down into?
Fatty acids and glycerol
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Where are fats broken down?
In your small intestine
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What is the generic name for enzymes that break down fats?
Lipases
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How do the breakdown products of food get to the cells where they are needed?
In the blood-stream
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What temperature is your body kept at?
37 degrees C
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Why can’t the body keep the whole of your gut the same pH?
Different enzymes require different pH to work best.
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In what conditions do the proteases in your stomach work best?
Acidic
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How does your stomach produce these conditions?
By producing hydrochloric acid
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How does your stomach stop itself from being digested by the acid and enzymes within it?
It covers itself with a thick layer of mucus.
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Where does your food go after the stomach?
The small intestine
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What neutralises the acidic mixture coming from your stomach?
Bile
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Where is this liquid stored?
In the gall bladder
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What is the problem with digesting fats?
They do not mix well with watery liquids and stay as large globules on the surface.
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What function does bile have in digesting fats?
It acts as an emulsifier to break down the globules of fat into smaller drops.
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Why does this increase the rate of digestion?
There is a much larger surface area for the enzymes to work on.
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What do biological washing powders contain?
Proteases and lipases
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What advantage do biological washing powders have over non-biological washing powders?
They perform better at lower temperatures so you do not need to use as much electricity heating the water.
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Why are proteases used to make baby food?
It makes it easier for babies to digest so they can get the amino acids they need.
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Why is starch broken down to make sweeteners for food manufacture?
It is a cheap way of making sweet sugars.
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What enzyme could be used to change glucose into fructose?
Isomerase
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Why might food manufacturers want to do this?
Fructose is sweeter tasting than glucose so smaller amounts can be used.
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Why are enzyme-based processes often relatively cheap to run?
The enzymes catalyse reactions at relatively low temperatures so lots of expense is spared heating up reactions to make them fast enough.
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Why are microbes that are used to catalyse reactions in industry not as efficient as they first seem?
They have to be supplied with oxygen and food and their waste products removed, all which cost money.
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What problem did factory staff develop when biological detergents were first made?
They developed allergies.
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How did the companies solve the problem initially?
They put the enzymes in tiny capsules.
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What has a study in 2008 shown regarding the safety of biological detergents?
They are not a major cause of skin problems.
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How can enzymes be used to help diagnose disease?
Liver enzymes can leak out into your bloodstream and doctors can do tests for these.
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Explain how an enzyme could help if you have a heart attack.
An enzyme called streptokinase can be injected into your blood as soon as possible; it dissolves the clots in your heart and reduces the amount of damage done to your heart muscles.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is the difference between different proteins?
Back
They have different arrangements of amino acids
Card 3
Front
What do proteins do? Give four examples.
Back
Card 4
Front
What is a catalyst?
Back
Card 5
Front
What are enzymes?
Back
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