Intellectual disability, communication disorder, autistic spectrum disorder, aADHD, specific learning disorder, motor disorder
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Autism spectrum disorder?
Refers to disorders from high functioning autism to Asperger's disorder
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3 key features of autism?
Impairment of social interaction, social communication, and repetitive patterns of behaviour
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Prevalence of autism?
1.1% of Uk (695,000 people) on the spectrum
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Aetiology of autism?
Is currently unknown, includes complex causes, likely due to genetic predisposition
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Genetic explanations?
ASD runs in families, but no specific genes have been identified
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Environmental triggers?
Being born prematurely (before 35 weeks), exposure to alcohol or some medications in the womb. Also assocaited with other conditions such as down's syndrome and cerebral palsy
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Autism NOT linked to?
Vaccinations (MMR - measles), parenting, diet, and thiomersal (compound in mercury)
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Theory of mind?
Established around 4-5 years old, Sally Anne test, ability to understand the mental states of others
Frith and Baron-Cohen. Explains their focusing and attention to detail. Perceptual: ASD refer local information processing before global information. Conceptual: ASD people can't process contextual meanings or prior knowledge
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Theory of empathising-systemising?
ASD people more systemisers than empathisers. Explains why lack in good relationships and communication
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Treatments?
No cure. Parental support programmes, psychosocial treatments, CBT, and medication
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ADHD?
Inattention, poor attention to detail, struggle to listen, can't follow instructions, difficulty organising and forgetfulness
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Prevelance of ADHD?
About 5% of children and 2.5% of adults in most cultures. More frequent in males, ratio of 2:1 in children and 1.6:1 in adults
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Comorbidity of ADHD?
Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorders also often diagnosed
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Causes of ADHD?
Temperament (eg, behaviourism constraint), environment (eg, low birth weight), genetic (elevated in first degree biological relations) but not due to a single gene
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Brain functioning in ADHD?
Differences in brain structure in those with ADHD and those without. Children with ADHD may take 2-3 years longer to mature than those without
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Treatments for ADHD?
Medication (methylphenidate/ritalin being most common), therapy, psychoeducation, behaviour therapy, parent training, social skills training, and CBT
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Specific learning disorder?
Difficulties in learning and academic skills; inaccurate reading, difficulties spelling, written expression, difficulties with maths
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Dyslexia and dyscalculia?
Dyslexia is poor literacy skills an dyscalculia is poor maths skills
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