Attributional - theories and biases

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  • Created by: freya_bc
  • Created on: 04-01-17 09:08
Why do we make attributions according to Heider (1968) naive scientist?
need coherent view of world/motives/anthrpromorphism, control over envi/search for properties that cause behaviour, ID situ/dispos
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Why is the process known as a naive scientist?
Use rational c&e analysis to understand the world
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Kelley (1967)?
Assign causal role to factors - takes multiple observations to identify factors that covary with behaviour
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What are the 3 factors that help identification of internal disp/external situ behaviours?
Consistency, distinctiveness, consensus
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Explain consistency according to Kelley (1967)
if behaviour doesn't always co-occur with the cause low= discount look for another cause, high= must be linked
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Explain distinctiveness according to Kelley (1967)
whether behaviour is exclusively linked or a common reaction- low= internal attribution, high= external
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Explain consensus according to Kelley (1967)
whether others react in a similar way in this situ if lots do strengthens attribution to external cause
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Give an example of multiple necessary cause schemata
Drink driving- need alcohol and car
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What is a causal schemata?
experience based beliefs about how certain types of behaviour may produce a specific effect
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Jones and Davis (1965)?
Correspondence Inference Theory
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What is a correspondent inference?
causal attribution of behaviour underlying dispositions e.g. friendly action due to friendly nature= predictable, therefore feel more control Acts reflect true characteristic of a person. If behaviour is unusual= more insightful
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Name the 5 cues for correspondent inferences
Freely chosen, non-common effects, not socially desirable, hedonic relevance, personalism
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Explain freely chosen
tells more than behaviour controlled by another (threats etc)
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Explain non-common effects
xclusive behaviours in specific situs tell more than typical behaviour. Outcome of behaviour chosen by person who chose behaviour= outcome bias. More outcomes, the more we find out
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Explain not socially desirable
counter-normative
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Explain hedonic relevance
important direct consequences on self. More confident inferences when behaviour is self-orientated
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Explain personalism
behaviour appearing directly intended to benefit/harm oneself rather than others is high in personalism
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Who contributed to dynamic model?
Weiner (1959)
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Explain the cycle in the dynamic model
expectations > performance (success/failure) > feelings (+/-) > attributions > speicific emotions e.g. pride
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What are the key factors in the causality of failure/success
Locus of control- internal/external Stability- natural ability/mood Controllability- effort/luck
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What influences our attributional style?
Individual differences predisposition to make a certain type of causal attribution
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What do internal and external attributions show?
Internals= signif control, externals= fatalistic
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What is the false consensus effect?
Seeing own behaviour as more typical than it is. Think others will behave in same way as you because tend to mix with those who share your opinion Salience of own opinion
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Ross (1977)
ould you walk around campus to advertise cafeteria. If said yes assumed another 62% would say yes If said no assumed another 67% would say no Effect stronger for beliefs that are important to us
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What is the fundamental attribution error?
Tendency to attribute behaviour to enduring dispositions even when there are situational causes
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What is the fundamental attribution error also known as?
CORRESPONDENCE BIAS- tendency to see behaviour as reflecting stable, underlying personality attributes
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Describe the Ross (1977) knowledgable quiz master experiment
Set contestents tough questions to answer in front of audience > audience rated master more knowledgable. Focus of attention/saliency effect > target most salient (think of person not situ). Internal attribution more accessible, forget situ causes
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What is the forgetting of situational causes more formally known as?
dispositional shift/ differential forgetting
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How do linguistics impact on attributions?
adjectives in English to describe action and actor, therefore more dispositional attributions= second nature
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How does age impact on attributions?
Make more attributions in late childhood
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How does culture impact on attributions?
Attributions more likely from individualist cultures
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Who proposed the actor-observer bias?
Jones and Nisbett (1972)
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What is the actor-observer bias?
Look at someone-else's behaiour and make internal/dispositional attribution to their behaviour When looking at ourselves more likely to attribute our behaviour to external/situational factors
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Give an example of actor-observer bias
Shop assistant rude > they are rude/stressed= internal/dispositional If you are rude to them > having a bad day= external
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Why does the actor-observer bias occur?
Perceptual focus- with self background is more salient so attrib to situ, info difference- know less about others compared to ourselves so know what we are normally like/what was due to envi,
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Are there any moderators for actor-observer bias?
Positive behaviour means dispositional attributions are more likely
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Who proposed self-serving bias?
Olson and Ross (1988)
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Outline self-serving bias
Success= internal (I am smart), failure= external (the paper was hard)
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Kingdon (1976)
US politics- hard work/good links if elected, not enough money in campaign/not well liked if not elected
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What are the two types of self-serving bias?
self-enhancing bias and self-protecting bias
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Define self-enhancing bias
taking credit for success (common)
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Define self-protecting bias
denial of responsibility for failure
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Why do these processes encourage internal attributions?
Expectations and SE Cognitive: intend/expect success- attribute internal causes to expected events Motivational: maintenance of SE
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Give an example of how self-serving bias could operate on a group level
your team won because they are good, lost because of pitch conditions/bad refereeing
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Why is the process known as a naive scientist?

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Use rational c&e analysis to understand the world

Card 3

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Kelley (1967)?

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Card 4

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What are the 3 factors that help identification of internal disp/external situ behaviours?

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Card 5

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Explain consistency according to Kelley (1967)

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