How was the learned helplessness model formulated?
Inescapable electric shocks on dogs. Those with inescapable electric shocks failed to learn avoidance response aswell as those who didnt. Discovered that animals learn a sense of helplessness with confronted with uncontrollable stimuli.
Uncontrollable aversive events--sense of helplessness--Depression
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Explain the Reformulated Learned Helplessness Model
1.Individual expects highly aversive outcomes 2.Expectation of inability to alter outcome 3.Individual possesses Maladaptive Attribution style. 4.Greater the certainty of expected state of affairs=greater strength of motivational + cognitive deficits
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What are the 3 questions of Attributional Reformulation?
1. Are the reasons for failure believed to be internal or external? 2.Problem=stable or unstable? 3.How global or specific is in the inability perceived to be
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Maladaptive Attribution Style say negative events are blamed on what?
Internal, Global, Stable
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... and positive events to what?
External, Unstable, Specific
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What is the Attributional Reformulation theory?
Aversive events--Attribution to global/stable/internal--Sense of helplessness so no response--Depression
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What is the hopelessness model?
Aversive events--Attribution to global/stable/internal--Sense of helplessness so no response and expectation that undesirable will happen.
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What is Becks Cognitive Theory of Depression?
Early experience--Formulation of Depressogenic Schemas--Adverse Events--Schema activiated--Automatic negative thoughts--Symptoms of Depression
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Assumptions of Becks Cognitive Theory
1.The capacity to process info is key to human survival and behaviour. 2.Info processing serves as a guiding pronciple for emotional components and these can alter perceptions. 3.Schemas develop through repeated interactions.
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What is a schema?
A set of assumptions about something. A mental structure for organising the world. They can be positive or negative.
Arbitrary Inference, Over generalisation, Selective Abstraction, Minimalisation and Magnification, Personalisation, Dichotomous thinking, Should and Must statements
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