Attachment Key Studies

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Meltzoff and Moore
Babies copy adults. 3 days old, 3 gestures.
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Isabella
Interactional synchrony leads to stronger attachment
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Abravenal and Deyong
Infants do not show interactional synchrony with objects
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LeVine et al
Culture. Kenyan mothers had little interaction yet still went on to develop secure attachments
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Schaffer and Emerson
Males are not normally primary attachment figures
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Field
Fathers who are single fathers fill female role
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Heermann et al
Fathers are less sensitive to infant cues
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Frodi et al
Showed videotapes of infants crying to men and women, No physiological differences.
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Grossman
Quality of attachment with mothers has more of an effect in later years than attachment with father
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Schaffer and Emerson
60 babies, working class Glasgow. Visited every month 12 months, mothers asked how the baby reacted to seven different types of separation
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Schaffer and Emerson results
6-8m - 50% showed separation anxiety. 10m - 80% had specific attachment. 30% had multiple attachment. 65% had mother as primary attachment figure
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Lorenz
Goose eggs. 1/2 hatched with mother, 1/2 with him. He marked the two groups, and found the chicks went to the one they saw when born
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Harlow
8 monkeys studied for 165 days. 4 monkeys fed by wire moth, 4 by cloth. Spent most time with cloth, regardless of who fed them
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Guitton et al
Chickens would imprint on yellow rubber gloves, then go on to try and mate with one. Effect reversed by socialisation
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Tronick
Congo. Group breast fed infants, still only had one primary attachment figure
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Sroufe et al
Minnesota study. Followed ppts from 12m to late adolescence. Securely attached infants were rated highest for social competence in childhood and were more empathetic.
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Ainsworth
8 stages. 100 middle class US mothers. 9ftX9ft room. Time sampling observation. Key behaviours - separation anxiety, stranger anxiety, reunion behaviour, exploration and proximity seeking behaviour
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Ainsworth findings
Type A - Insecure Avoidant = 22%. Type B - Secure = 66%. Type C - Insecure Resistant = 12%
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Kegan
Temperament Hypothesis. Innate personality, some children are innately more vulnerable to stress so respond differently
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Main and Soloman
Type D. Analysed 200 videos. Insecure Disorganised 15%. Show strong attachment which is followed by avoidance and fear of caregiver
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Grossman and Grossman
German infants. Type A - 46%. Type B - 43%. Type C -11%
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Takahashi
Japanese infants. Type A - 0. Type B - 68%. Type C - 32%. 90% of studies stopped due to stress.
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Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg
MA 32 cross cultural studies. 2000 children, 5 collectivist, 18 from USA. Found greater internal differences than external
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Bowlby (Maternal Deprivation)
44 theieves. those diagnosed as affectional psychopaths had experienced separation (12/14)
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Radke-Yarrow et al
Depressed mothers are more likely to have insecure children
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Spitz and Wold
Children in institutions become depressed.
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Skodak and Skeels
Children in institutions have lower IQ which improved by 30 points when given good emotional care.
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Rutter
Romanian Orphans. 165 orphans. 111 adopted before 2. 54 by the age of 4. Compared with 52 British orphans adopted before 6m. Regularly tested for physical, cognitive and social development
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Rutter results
RO lagged behind in all measures. Smaller, weighed less and were classified mentally retarded. At 11 and 16, those adopted before 6 months IQ = 102, 6m-24m = 86, after 2 years = 77. Disinhibited attachment. By 4, those adotped before 6m had caught up
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Quinton
Compared 50 women who were in children's homes when younger with 30 'normal' women. In their 20s, experienced problems with parenting, with their children more likely to be in care
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Myron
Secure children less likely to be involved in bulling. Type A - Victims. Type B - not involved. Type C - Bullies.
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Hazan and Shaver
Love quiz, Rocky Mountain News. 3 Sections 1. Current relationship. 2. General love experience. 3. Attachment type. 620 responses. Type A - 25%. Type B - 56%. Type C - 19%. Secure had longer lasting happier relationships
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Zimmerman
No relationship between child and adolescent attachment.
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Isabella

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Interactional synchrony leads to stronger attachment

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Abravenal and Deyong

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Card 4

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LeVine et al

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Card 5

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Schaffer and Emerson

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