A close emotional relationship between two persons, characterised by mutual affection and a desire to maintain proximity
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Bond
A set of feelings that ties one person to another: parents often feel strongly about their newborn babies
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Seeking proximity
The infant tries to stay close to its attachment figure
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Distress on separation
When the caregiver and child are separated, both experience feeling of distress
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Pleasure on reunion
Pleasure is shown when the child is reunited with his/her caregiver
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General orientation of behaviour towards caregiver
The infant is aware of his/her caregiver at all times and may frequently make contact with them
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Bodily contact
Physical interactions between carer and infant help to form the attachment bond, especially in the period immediately after birth
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Mimicking
Infants seem to have an innate ability to imitate a carers’ facial expressions, which suggests it is a biological device to aid the formation of attachments
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Caregiverese
Adults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is high-pitched, song-like in nature, slow and repetitive. This aids communication and helps strengthen the bond
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Interactional Synchrony
Mother and infant reflect (mirror) both the actions (behaviour) and emotions of the other and do so in a co-ordinated (synchronised) way. Mother and infant move in a similar pattern
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Reciprocity
Interactions between carers and infants result in mutual behaviour, both mother and infant respond to each other’s signals and each elicits a response from the other. This also helps to fortify the attachment bond
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Separation Protest
Infants behaviour when separated from primary caregiver e.g. left alone in a room or with another person
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Stranger Anxiety
Distress experienced by a child when approached by a stranger
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Monotropy
The idea that a child has one main primary caregiver
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Internal Working Model
a cognitive framework – acts as a template for future relationships
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Sensitive Responsiveness
Responding to the child's needs as opposed to simply spending time with them
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Secure Attachment
The result of a strong positive relationship between infant and caregiver, so that although the child shows distress at separation, he or she is easily comforted by the caregivers return
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Insecure Attachment
A weak emotional relationship between child and caregiver(s) leading to an anxious and insecure relationship, which can have a negative effect on development
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Maternal Sensitivity Hypothesis
The notion that individual differences in infant attachment are due mainly to the sensitivity of the mother
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Temperament Hypothesis
The view that a child’s temperament is responsible for the quality of attachment, as opposed to the view that experience is more important
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Ethologists
Biologists who study animal behaviour in a natural environment
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Imprinting
An innate tendency to follow the first moving object seen from birth
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Adaptive
Changing to suit your environment
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Social Releasers
Features you are born with to evoke feelings of protection in others
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Critical Period
Window of opportunity to allow imprinting to occur
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Monotropy
One key attachment figure
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Internal Working Model
A mental perception of what an attachment is
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Cross-Cultural Variation
Refers tpo the fact that behaviour, attitudes, norms and values differ across cultueres
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Individualistic
A culture that emphasises individuality, individual needs and independence. People tend to live in small nuclear families i.e. a mum, dad, and kids
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Collectivist
A culture where the individuals share tasks, belongings and income. The people may live in large family groups
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Emic
Going into a culture and studying it from within i.e. you are trying to understand what their norms and behaviours are
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Etic
Compares a phenomenon across cultures to see whether or not there are universal behaviours in humans
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Institutional Care
Refers to situations where children spend part of their childhood in a hospital, orphanage or residential care
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Institutionalisation
The adverse effects on children of being placed in an institution; these effects can influence cognitive and social development
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Separation
Involves distress when separated from a person to whom there is an attachment for a relatively short period of time
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Deprivation
Occurs when an attachment has been formed and is then broken for what is a generally fairly long periods of time
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Privation
Absence of attachment as opposed to the loss of attachments
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Affectionless Psychopathy
Individuals who have no sense of shame or guilt; they lack a social conscience
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
A set of feelings that ties one person to another: parents often feel strongly about their newborn babies
Back
Bond
Card 3
Front
The infant tries to stay close to its attachment figure
Back
Card 4
Front
When the caregiver and child are separated, both experience feeling of distress
Back
Card 5
Front
Pleasure is shown when the child is reunited with his/her caregiver
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