AQA Chemistry (9-1) - Chapter 1

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What are all substances made up of?
Atoms
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How many types of atom are there (roughly)?
100
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What does Na stand for?
Sodium
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What does Fe stand for?
Iron
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What does K stand for?
Potassium
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What are the columns in The Periodic Table called?
Groups
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What do elements in the same group have in common?
Number of electrons in outer most shell, therefore chemical properties.
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What are different types of elements bonded together called?
Compounds
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What do chemical equations show?
They show the reactants and the products in a reaction.
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What does the Law of Conservation of Mass tell us?
The total mass of products formed in a reaction is equal to the total mass of reactants.
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What do these symbols represent: (s), (l), (g) & (aq)
Solid, liquid, gas & aqueous.
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What does aqueous mean?
A substance that has been dissolved in water.
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Define a mixture.
A mixture is made up of two or more substances (elements or compounds) that are not chemically combined together.
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What 4 ways can be used to separate mixtures?
Filtration, crystallisation, distillation and chromatography.
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Why can we separate mixtures?
Since the substances in the mixture have different chemical properties e.g. different solubilities and boiling points.
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What's filtration?
The technique of filtration is used to separate substances that are insoluble in a particular solvent from those that are soluble in the solvent.
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What's crystallisation?
The technique of crystallisation is used to separate a solid that has dissolved in a liquid and has made a solution.
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What's distillation?
The technique of distillation is used to collect the solvent from crystallisation, which is normally evaporated off.
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What does miscible mean?
The word miscible describes liquids that dissolve in each other, mixing completely.
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What's fractional distillation?
The technique of fractional distillation is used to separate miscible liquids. The separation is possible due to the different boiling points of the liquids in the mixture.
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What's paper chromatography?
The technique of paper chromatography is used to separate (and identify) substances dissolved in a solvent as they move up the chromatography paper.
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Why do substances separate when doing paper chromatography?
The different substances are separated because of their different solubilities in the solvent used.
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What did John Dalton propose?
From his experiments, he suggested that substances were made up of atoms that were like tiny, hard spheres. Dalton believed that atoms couldn't be divided or split.
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What did J.J. Thomson propose?
J.J. Thomson discovered the electron. He proposed the plum pudding model. He said that the tiny negatively charged electrons must be embedded on a cloud of positive charge.
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What did Geiger and Mendel's experiment propose?
Their experiment proposed that the positive was concentrated at a tiny spot in the centre of the atom, and electrons must orbit around this nucleus.
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Why did they come up with this conclusion?
Otherwise, the large, positive particles fired at the foil could never be repelled back towards their source.
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What did Niels Bohr propose?
He suggested that electrons must be orbiting the nucleus at set distances, in certain fixed energy levels (shells).
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How did Niels Bohr come up with this idea?
He noticed that the light given out when atoms were heated only had specific amounts of energy. The energy must be given out when excited electrons fall from a high to a low energy level.
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What did John Chadwick prove?
He proved the existence of the neutron.
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What are the three sub-atomic particles?
Protons, neutrons and electrons.
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What's the relative charge of a proton?
+1
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What's the relative charge of an electron
-1
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What's the relative mass of a proton and neutron?
Protons = 1 & Neutrons = 1
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What's the relative mass of an electron?
Negligible (1/2000)
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What's the number of protons in each atom called?
Atomic/Proton number.
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What's the number of protons plus neutrons?
Mass number.
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How do you calculate the number of neutrons?
mass number - atomic number
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What is an ion?
An ion is a charged atom (or group of ions).
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On average, how big is an atom?
An atom is about a tenth of billionth of a meter across.
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What is an isotope?
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes.
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How many electrons can the first shell hold?
2
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At GCSE level, how many electrons can the other shells hold?
8
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Alkali metal + water, gives us...
metal hydroxide + hydrogen
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What is group 0/8 called?
Group 0 of the periodic table is called the nobble gases.
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Why are they very un-reactive?
All of their shells are full with electrons.
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What's the electronic configuration of Potassium - 19
2,8,8,1
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

How many types of atom are there (roughly)?

Back

100

Card 3

Front

What does Na stand for?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What does Fe stand for?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What does K stand for?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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