The scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those functions affecting behaviour in a given context
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Science
A means of acquiring knowledge through systematic and objective investigation. To discover general laws.
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Introspection
The first systematic experimental attempt to study the end by breaking up conscious thoughts into basic structures of thoughts, images and sensations
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Behaviourist approach
A way of explaining behaviour in terms of what is observable and in terms of learning
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Classical Conditioning
Learning by association. Occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together - an unconditioned stimulus and a new neutral stimulus - eventually produces same response as first produced from unlearned stimulus alone.
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Operant Conditioning
A form of learning in which behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences. Possible consequences of behaviour include positive/negative reinforcement or punishment
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Reinforcement
A consequence of behaviour that increases the likelihood of that behaviour being repeated can be positive or negative.
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Social learning theory
A way of explaining behaviour that includes both direct and indirect reinforcement, combining learning theory with the role of cognitive factors
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Imitation
Copying the behaviour of others
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Identification
When an observer associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like the role model
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Modelling
From the observers perspective, modelling is imitating the behaviour of a role model. from the role models perspective modelling is the precise demonstration of a specific behaviour that may be imitated by an observer
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Vicarious reinforcement
Reinforcement which s not directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour. Key factor in imitation
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Meditational processes
Cognitive factors e.g. thinking that influence learning learning and come between stimulus and response
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Cognitive approach
The term 'cognitive' has come to mean 'mental processes' so this approach is focuses on how our mental processes e.g. thoughts, perceptions and attention affect behaviour
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Internal mental processes
'private' operations of the mind such as perception and attention that mediate between stimulus and response
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Schema
A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing. developed from experience
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Inference
Process whereby Cognitive psychologists draw conclusions about the way mental processes operate on the basis of observed behaviour
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Cognitive neuroscience
he scientific study of biological structures that underpin cognitive processes
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Biological approach
A perspective that emphasises the importance of physical processes in the body such as genetic inherit cane and neural function
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Genes
Make up chromosomes and consist of DNA which code the physical features of an organism and psychological features such as mental disorder and intelligence. Gnees are inherited
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Biological structure
An Arrangement or organisation of parts to form and organ, system or living thing
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Neurochemistry
Relating to chemicals in the brain that regulate psychological functioning
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Genotype
The particular set of genes that person possesses
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Phenotype
The characteristics of an individual determined by genes AND the environment
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Evolution
The changes in inherited characteristics in a biological population over successive generations
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
A means of acquiring knowledge through systematic and objective investigation. To discover general laws.
Back
Science
Card 3
Front
The first systematic experimental attempt to study the end by breaking up conscious thoughts into basic structures of thoughts, images and sensations
Back
Card 4
Front
A way of explaining behaviour in terms of what is observable and in terms of learning
Back
Card 5
Front
Learning by association. Occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together - an unconditioned stimulus and a new neutral stimulus - eventually produces same response as first produced from unlearned stimulus alone.
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