Approaches

Approaches (Paper 1)

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The Behavourist Approach

The Behaviourist Approach

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What are the 2 types of learning suggested by the behaviourist approach?

1. Classical Conditioning 2. Operant conditioning

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How does classical conditioning suggest we learn?

Through Association

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Who's research supports classical conditioning?

Pavlov

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Define Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Something that naturally causes a response

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Define Unconditioned response (UCR)

A natural reaction to a stimulus

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Define Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A stimulus that initially doesn't cause a response or action

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Define Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

When the NS causes the same response as the UCS as they have become paired

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Define Conditioned Response (CR)

The learned response to the pre-neutral stimulus

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Describe Pavlovs study

.Pavlov realised that every time a dog saw food it would salivate. He added a bell (NS), which rung everytime the food was ready. Overtime the NS had become conditioned, meaning that even if there was no food the dog would salivate.

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What did Pavlos study suggest?

That the dog associated the sound of the bell with the food

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How does operant conditioning suggest we learn?

Through rewards and punishments

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Define Positive Reinforcement

Getting a reward when a certain behaviour is preformed. This then causes the behaviour that led to the reward to be repeated

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Define Negative Reinforcement

Producing a behaviour that avoids something unpleasant. This is repeated to keep avoiding the negative consequence

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Who's research supports operant conditioning ?

Skinner (Skinners Box)

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Describe Skinners research into positive reinforcement

Rat was place in a box. The box had a lever and as the rat moved around it would accidentally knock the lever. From this food was released. The rat would repeat the action of pulling the lever again so they would keep getting the food (Reward)

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Describe Skinners research into negative reinforcement

Rat was placed in box and made subject to an electrical current. As the rat moved around it would accidentally knock the lever which stopped the current. The consequence of the stopping the current made the rat pull the lever again and again

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What are some evaluation points for the behaviourist approach?

1. Application to treatment of phobias. 2. Reliance on non-human animals 3. Reductionist 4. Determinisitc

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Summarise application to treatments of phobias

- Classical conditioning led to the development of Systematic Desensitisation, a treatment for phobias. - Works by replacing the learned response (fear) with another response (relaxation)

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Summarise Reliance on non human animals

- Skinner research relies on rats+pigeons. So, we cant draw conclusions in relation to human behaviour. - This is because human behaviour is far more complex and we have free-will.

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Summarise reductionism in the behaviourist approach

- The approach suggest that humans only learn through association and reward. However human behaviour is more complex and there are cognitive and biological factors that may influence the way we behave.

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Summarise Determinism in the approach

- ignores the possibility that people are free to choose their actions. This can be seen in Watson & Raynor's research, where Little Albert could not choose whether or not to feel fear when he saw a white rat - the fear response was created in him

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Approaches

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