What are the functions of the muscles of the styloid process?
Styloglossus raises and retracts the tongue, stylohyoid raises the hyoid and lowers the mandible, stylopharyngeous (innervated by IX) elevates pharynx and larynx
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How would you perform an akinosi nerve block? What are the risks?
Inject above pterygomandibular space - if inject too far (into medial pterygoid) causes painful trismus spasms
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What roofs the submandibular region?
Deep cervical fascia
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What is important about the mylohyoid line?
Superior attachment of myloyoid, splits inner mandible into submandibular and sublingual fossae
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What is the vestibular space?
In oral cavity between cheeks and teeth
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What is the function of the papillae of the tongue?
Increase surface area for tastebuds, increases contact with other structures for speech
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Describe the motor innervation of the tongue
XII - except palatoglossus (raises tongue) which is innervated by X
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What is the action of hyoglossus?
Depresses and retracts the tongue
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What is the action of the intrinsic tongue muscles?
Verticalis = flattens, transversus = narrows, superior and inferior longitudinals = shorten
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What structures of the floor of the mouth are lateral to hyoglossus?
Lingual nerve, hypoglossal nerve, lingual vein, deep lobe and duct of submandibular gland
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What structures of the floor of the mouth are medial to hyoglossus?
Largest minor salivary gland (together secrete 30% of saliva into oral cavity, though this is mainly mucous)
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What may cause partial anaesthetisation of the mandible?
If accessory branch of inferior alveolar nerve numbed instead of main branch, which only runs to te 3rd and 2nd molars. Either that or auriculotemporal may be numbed (it sometimes innervates the 3rd molar).
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What accessory branches may occur to the lower dentition?
Branches from the nerve to myloyoid to posterior teeth, branches from long buccal nerve to anterior teeth. Often accompanied by arteries which may cause bleeding.
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What does the zygomatic nerve (V2 branch) innervate?
Skin around the frontal and zygomatic bones
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How must the maxillary dentition be anaesthetised?
Individually (aiming for apex of teeth) via infiltration to superior alveolar nerves (superior dental plexus) as infraorbital nerve too deep to numb as a block
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Which nerve innervates the buccal gingivae of the maxillary incisors and canines?
Infraorbital nerve
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What does the long buccal nerve innervate?
Buccal gingivae of mandibular molars and premolars, plus skin surrounding buccinator
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What does the mental nerve innervate?
Buccal gingivae of the mandibular canines and incisors
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Define local anaesthesia
Loss of sensation in a defined area through depression of excitation in nerve endings or inhibition of the conduction process (in peripheral nerves)
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What is the membrane expansion method of producing LA?
Na+ channels are blocked, preventing depolarisation
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What is the specific receptor method of producing LA?
LA acts as a receptor which binds to gates of Na+VGC's so they remain closed (meaning nerve doesn't exit refractory period)
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Describe an IAN block
Inject 3/4 of way between white line of pterygomandibular raphe and coronoid notch; should hit bone, if not dont inject as may have entered parotid gland (which would cause facial paralysis)
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What muscles attach at the pterygoid fovea on the neck of the mandible?
Lateral and medial pterygoid
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What are the attachments of stylopharyngeous?
Body of styloid process and thyroid cartilage
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Describe the anatomy of styloglossus
Attached to tip of styloid process and tip and sides of tongue. Crossed by stylohyoid ligament, XI and the lingual nerve. Its fibres interdigitate with hyoglossus.
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Wat are the attachments of palatoglossus?
Superior = palatine aponeurosis, anterior = back and sides of tongue
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Wat structures is the parotid gland superior to?
Sternocleidomastoid, masseter, pterygoid muscles and stylohyoid ligament
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Other than the anterior lingual gland, where are the minor salivary glands located?
Around circum vallate pupillae (large and circular, 7-12 in number, on dorsum of tongue just anterior to sulcus terminalis)
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
How would you perform an akinosi nerve block? What are the risks?
Back
Inject above pterygomandibular space - if inject too far (into medial pterygoid) causes painful trismus spasms
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