Anatomy Theme 2

What are the features of all vertebrae?

Spinous process, pedicle, transverse process, body, articular facet, vertical canal (spinal cord runs through) and lamina

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What are the additional fetures of cervical vertebrae?

Costal bar and foramen transversarium

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What are the special features of C1 (Atlas)?

Posterior arch opposed to spinous process, anterior arch replaces body (body forms dens of C2)

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Describe the anatomy and function of the atlanto-occipital joint

Synovial, between articular facets of anterior arch of C1 and occipital condyles, allows nodding and lateral flexion

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Describe the anatomy and features of the atalnto-axial joint

Pivotal pair of joints, medial joint (between dens of C2 and anterior arch of C1) and lateral joint (between articular processes of C1 and C2), allows rotation of the head

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What is the function of the atlanto-occipital and temporal membranes?

Join the atlas (C1) to the base of the skull - more flexible than most ligaments (many snap upon extraction if elderly with rheumatoid arthritis)

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What ligaments aid the atlanto-axial joint?

Cruciform (transverse band across vertical canal of C1), alar and apical (on dens of C2)

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What structures form the roof and floor of the posterior triangle?

Roof = deep cervical fascia, floor = mucles

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What occurs when sternocleidomastoid contracts?

On both sides = bilateral flex of head and neck, on one side = rotation of face to one side

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What are the attachments of the trapezius muscle?

Medial = superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, verterbrae C7-T12. Lateral attachments = spine, acromion of the scapula, lateral 1/3 of clavicle

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What is the action of trapezius?

Raise the scapula and arm (allowing free rotation of arm)

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What is a plexus?

Branching and joining pattern of nerves which allows the distribution of axons from more than one spinal to nerve to be converted to one peripheral nerve

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What muscles do the C1 peripheral axons innervate?

Geniohyoid and thyrohyoid

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What forms the brachial plexus?

Anterior rami of C1-C4, first thoracic nerve

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What branches of the vegus nerve occur in the neck?

Pharyngeal nerve (runs adjacent to IX), superior laryngeal (branches into internal and external laryngeal) and recurrent laryngeal (only on right around subclavian artery - on left wraps around aortic arch)

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What does the hypoglossal nerve cross in the neck?

Lingual artery

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What are the branches of the medial portion of the subcalvian artery?

Vertebral, thyrocervical trunk (gives inferior thyroid artery, superior from external carotid), internal thoracic artery

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What is the costocervical trunk?

Emerges from the deep part of the subclavian artery (under scalenus anterior), runs between the thorax and neck

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What structures of the root of the neck are anterior to scalenus anterior?

Phrenic nerve, subclavian vein, internal jugular vein

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What structures of the root of the neck are medial to scalenus anterior?

Medial subclavian artery (and branches), vertebral vein

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What structures of the root of the neck are posterior to scalenus anterior?

Deep part of subclavian artery

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What structures of the root of the neck are lateral to scalenus anterior?

Lateral subclavian artery, brachial plexus

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Describe the blood supply of the thymus gland

Arteries = Supeior and inferior thyroid arteries, veins = superior, inferior and middle thryoid veins

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What occurs when the thyroid gland is infected?

Swells (inferiorly as blocked by thyroid cartilage, causing pain) - blocks oesophagus (causing dysphagia/difficulllty swallowing) and trachea (causing turbulent air flow)

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What do the submental nodes drain?

Tip of tongue

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What do the submandibular lymph nodes drain?

Lower face and anterior 2/3 of tongue

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What do the parotid nodes drain?

Skin of the upper face

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What do the mastoid nodes drain?

Scalp and ear

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What do the posterior cervical nodes drain?

Posterior scalp (present at back of neck)

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What do the superficial cervical nodes drain?

Superficial neck (present along external jugular vein)

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What is the deep cervical chain?

Made up of deep cervical lymph nodes along the internal jugular vein (which superficial lymph nodes drain into)

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Describe the jugulo-digastric nodes

Deep cervical lymph nodes, most superior, recieve submandibular drainage, present where posterior digastric crosses internal jugular vein

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Describe the jugulo-omohyoid nodes

Deep cervical lymph nodes, deepest, recieve submental drainage, present where inferior omohyoid crosses internal jugular vein

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What are the retropharyngeal nodes?

Lymph nodes within deep cervical chain, present as lumps of posterior pharyngeal wall within retropharyngeal space; drain nasal cavities, nasopharynx and auditory tubes

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Describe the role of the palatine tonsils

Act as lymph nodes within the oral mucosa

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What and where are the axillary nodes?

Located close to armpit, drain lymph from breast tissues

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Give the attachments and function of scalenus anterior

Attached to transverse processes of C3-C6 and scalene tubercle of 1st rib, functions in flexion of the cervical spine

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What are the attachments and innervation of the digastric?

Anterior belly = digastric fossa of mandible, nerve to mylohyoid. Posterior belly = Mastoid process, facial nerve (posterior digastric branch, with stylohyoid).

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Anatomy Theme 2

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