Anarchy

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English School
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What are the 5 key ideas in mainstream IR?
States are main actors, states pursue own interests, interests are power, states live in anarchy, states are asocial
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What are ES 3 main views of international politics?
Realism, Rationalism, Revolutionism
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Who is the primary author of the realist approach and what does he stand for?
Hobbes (International system) - international anarchy, power politics, war
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Who is the primary author of the rationalist approach and what does he stand for?
Grotius (International society) - Institutionalisation of mutual interests + identity among states, norms
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Who is the primary author of the revolutionist approach and what does he stand for?
Kant (World Society) - Humans at the centre, subverting system of states
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What are the two parts of realism?
security and power seeking
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What are the two parts of revolutionism?
Evolutionary and messianic universalist
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What are the two parts of rationalism?
solidarist and pluralist
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What is the key text for rationalism (international society) and what does it say?
The Anarchical Society (Hedley Bull) - States live in social anarchy, importance of norms and institutions, issue of order and justice
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what is the definition of a international system?
2 or more states have impact on each others decisions causing them to behave
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What is the definition of a international society?
States think they are bound by a set of rules
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If pluralists value order what do solidarists value?
Justice
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What are the problems with prioritising justice?
No agreement on human rights, human rights claims often reflection of states interests, action shaped by states interests
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What 2 roles does Bull have for Great powers for providing world order?
Order their relations orderly, strengthen society of states
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What do pluralists stand for?
Sovereignty, international order
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What do solidarists stand for?
Human rights, security and peace
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2
Power
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What is power as an attribute?
Focus on the elements of national power
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What is power as a relation?
A gets B to do something (compellance / deterante)
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What are some examples of quantitative power as a attribute?
Military, resources, population, geography
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What are some examples of qualitative power as a attribute?
Leadership, government, diplomacy
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What are the 3 forms of power?
Hard (punishment/reward), soft (attraction/identification), smart (had and soft reinforce)
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What is Robert Dahl's dimension of power about?
Power and decision making, modifying behaviour of others
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What is Peter Bachrach and Morton Baratz's dimension of power about?
Analysis, look at biases
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What is Steve Luke's dimension of power about?
Powerful gets powerless to do things
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What is structural power?
the power to shape and determine structures
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What are Barnett and Duvall's 4 main types of power?
Compulsory (direct, eg military), institutional (indirect control through institutions, structural (structure that shapes interests), productive (shaping beliefs)
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What are foucalt's power of action and power as disposition about?
Action - certain persons exercise power over others. Disposition - force relations strengthen or reverse their own organisation
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Feminists believe all power is power over or a focus on the exercise of power. what is their alternative?
Power to - giving someone the power to do something
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What is a liberal feminist view of power?
Power as a resource - unequally distributed
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What is a feminist view of power as domination?
Women as objects or others
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What kind of power does Virginia Held believe in?
Power as empowerment
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What is the goal of liberal feminists regarding power?
Redistribute it so men and women have equal power
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Who is an example of liberal feminism?
Susan Miller Okin
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What is power as domination and why is it an issue for feminists?
Power over - it is usually unjust or illegitimate
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Who is an example of a feminist against power as domination?
Iris Marion Young
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Who is an example of a feminist for power of empowerment?
Jean Baker Miller
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What power was Foucalt sceptical of being the only real power?
State power
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What other forms of power did Foucalt identify?
Corporate violence, gender violence, white supremacy
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What two new powers did Foucalt find the sovereign power of Leviathan (Congress/higher ups) created?
Disciplinary (Book - Discipline and punishment) and bio politics (Book - History of sexuality)
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What is the power of discipline?
Form of power that tells people what to do by making people adjust to what is the norm
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What is an example of bio-power?
Psychiatrists and doctors turning homosexuality into perversion
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3
Humanitarian Intervention
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What is H. I?
An activity done by a state or group or international organisation which interferes in the domestic affairs of another state
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What are some problems with H.I?
Non-intervention the norm, hardest test for international society which is built on principles of sovreignty
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What does the UN charter say regarding H.I. which is contradicting?
no interfering in state business BUT states must promote and encourage respect for human rights
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What is the liberal argument in favour of H.I?
Morality + common humanity, moral duty to protect people, sovereignty as responsibility (failure to do so means no sovereignty)
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What are pluralists 7 deadly sins of H.I?
No basis in international law, humanitarian reasons, risks lives of soldiers, pursuit of national interests, selectivity (Bosnia but not Rwanda), views of international society, mixed record (short-term vs long term)
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What is Finnermore's view of H.I?
Intervention shaped by norms, justifications are key - they reveal the normative context
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What was wrong with Bosnia in 1995?
Too little too late led to genocide
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What was wrong with Rwanda in 1994?
Non-intervention led to genocide
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What was wrong with Kosovo in 1998?
Too much too soon led to civilian casualties
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4
Foreign Policy Decision Making
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What are the two main levels of analysis?
International system or the state
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What is the main assumption?
States are rational
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Why is FPDM different?
Try to explain state behaviour by looking at specific actors or processes, looks at decisions, operates at different levels of analysis (Largely below the state), perfect rationality is unlikely
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What is the original book on FPDM?
Foreign Policy Decision-Making by Synder, Bruck and Sapin
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What are the 3 key points from the book?
The state is its decision makers, focus on decision makers and their definition of the situation, decision maker connecting internal and external dimensions of states actions
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What is the book by Graham Allison which showed the Allison model?
Essence of Decision
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What are the 3 parts of Allison's model?
Rational Actor Model, Organisational Output, Government Politics
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What is the Rational Actor Model?
Decision maker as one voice, action responds to situation, pay-offs and utility, decision makers understands all other options
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What is organisational behaviour?
most behaviour determined by pre-existing procedures, fractioned power, organisation interpret situations on their own terms
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What is government politics?
attention to the players and their positions, attention to priorities, power of the actors and channels of action, role of domestic politics (public opinion)
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What do the models do?
Questions validity of Rational Actor Model, show how complex decision making is,different lens, shows difficulty of identifying essence of decision, shows importance of actors within states
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What is wrong with an individual as a key decision maker?
misperceptions, emotional biases, cognitive biases (justification etc)
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What is wrong with groups as key decision makers?
Group norm to boost morale instead of thinking critically, most common norm to stick to policies already implemented, avoid being harsh
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5
Feminism
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What is emancipation?
Identification of constraints and working towards their eradication
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What are the basic tenets of feminism?
Brings to the surface dichotomies (division or contrast between 2 things that are seen as opposite), shows that values associated with femininity are undervalued, unpacks categories or assumptions and barriers we take as a given
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What are the key parts of liberal feminism?
correct misrepresentation of women, disproportionate effects of globalization, male biases, gendered construction in international organisations
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What is the key book for liberal feminists?
Bananas, Beaches + Bases
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What are the key parts of analytical feminism?
Analysis of discipline of IR, IR a gendered discipline, IR concepts not natural or gender neutral, masculine 'power over' rather than 'power with'
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What it the key book for analytical feminism?
Sex + Death in the Rational World of Defence Intellectuals
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What is a normative view of feminism?
Gender as a transformative category - a force of good
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What is a post-structural view of feminism?
Sex and gender constructed, produce ourselves through social practices, even binaries can be undone
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What are the criticisms of feminism?
fail to get credibility, to broad, lots of diversity, gender masks other forms of oppression, 3rd world women called 'victimised', ignores history and culture, western gender cannot weaken western imperialism
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What book is a criticism of western feminism?
Mohanty's - Under Western Eyes
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6
Marxism and Critical Theory
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What are the key concepts of Marx
Structure (means of production), super-structure (political system, legal and cultural factors), class struggles, immanent critique (critique through its own biases)
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What was Lenin's book which gave rise to the dependency theory?
Imperialism, the highest stage of capitalism (1917)
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Who wrote notes while in prison about hegemony, role of consent and civil society?
Antonio Gramsci
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What is the dependency theory?
Periphery suffers from declining terms of trade (Price of manufactured goods vs raw materials), development of periphery states now dependent on core states
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What is Immanuel Wallerstein's World Systems Theory?
History of rise and demise of world systems, system of division of labour, existence of a semi-periphery, not a relation amongst countries but amongst types of production
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What does Gramsci Cox theorise about?
Ideas a reflection of social relations, dominant powers shaped a world for their interests (not just through force but by creating consent among those who are disadvantaged
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What is the Frankfurt school of the 1920s and 30s?
Attention to issues different from Marx (Culture, authoritarianism and family), scepticism towards the working class, try to define human predicament through science
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What are the 4 achievements of Critical Theory?
Knowledge not neutral, structures not unchangeable, exclusions are not just economy (includes race, culture and gender), social arrangements judged on the basis of whether they embrace open dialogue
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What did Marx predict regarding workers wages?
Competition amongst capitalists to reduce wages will lead them to introduce labour saving tech
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What does Horkeimer define Critical Theory as?
It must explain what is wrong with current social reality, identify actors to change it, provide clear norms for criticism and achievable goals for social transformation
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Card 2

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What are the 5 key ideas in mainstream IR?

Back

States are main actors, states pursue own interests, interests are power, states live in anarchy, states are asocial

Card 3

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What are ES 3 main views of international politics?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Who is the primary author of the realist approach and what does he stand for?

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Card 5

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Who is the primary author of the rationalist approach and what does he stand for?

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