8. William II and the Welsh

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  • Created by: Alasdair
  • Created on: 12-06-17 00:00
Why, and with what consequences, did William invade Wales in 1095 and 1097?
Following 1066, Normans tried to protect England from Wales by constructing castles along Western border (used bases so Norman barons could make incursions into Welsh territory, also to defend England from Welsh invasion)
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Why, and with what consequences, did William invade Wales in 1095 and 1097? (II)
1093 - turning point in Anglo-Welsh relations - Rhys ap Tewdyr died in battle (leader of Pembrokeshire) - the Conqueror regarded ap Twedwr as real, bona fide Welsh leader of South of country
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Why, and with what consequences, did William invade Wales in 1095 and 1097? (III)
Arnulf (son of Roger of Montgomery) stepped in to assert claim over Pembrokeshire - this action led to Norman barons to grab key Welsh territory by force (Arnulf was Norman)
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Why, and with what consequences, did William invade Wales in 1095 and 1097? (IV)
e.g. Brecon region - Bernard of Neufmarche and south Glamorgan to Robert fitz Haimo
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Why, and with what consequences, did William invade Wales in 1095 and 1097? (V)
By end of 1093, Robert of Rhuddlan attacked and killed supposedly by Gruffydd ap Cynan (Welsh claimant of Gwyneld)
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Why, and with what consequences, did William invade Wales in 1095 and 1097? (VI)
Welsh hated Norman baron so much that after killing him they beheaded Robert of Rhuddlan and put his head atop a mast of one of thier ships - boosted Welsh lords to claw back territory that was rightfully theirs (e.g. Brecon region & South Glamor
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Why, and with what consequences, did William invade Wales in 1095 and 1097? (VII)
In 1094, death of Roger of Montgomery - chance for full scale rebellion
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Why, and with what consequences, did William invade Wales in 1095 and 1097? (VIII)
By 1095, full revolt was underway
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1095 (I)
William II busy with religious matters at council of Rockingham and unrest among Norman barons
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1095 (II)
By Oct, problems under control and proceeded to march against Welsh.
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1095 (III)
William became frustrated with Welsh guerrilla tactics in North of Wales - returned home
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1095 (IV)
Expedition inconclusive and inconsequential
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1095 (V)
However, having learned from experience, English king planned bigger invasion and targeted area where he believed Welsh would be more vulnerable.
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1097 (I)
Second invasion of Wales by William Rufus occurred after he took time to negotiate possession of duchy of Normandy from his brother, Robert Curthose
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1097 (II)
He clearly saw Normandy as priority which suggests threat of Welsh insurgency may not have been as great by late 1090s
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1097 (III)
Second invasion involved William's forces marching to South Wales through area of St David's to consolidate control over Pembroke
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1097 (IV)
Invasion was similar to William's invasion of Scotland in 1091 insofar as considerable resources were lost.
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1097 (V)
Parallel can also be drawn with 1095 Welsh invasion, in that outcome of 1097 was not conclusive.
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1097 (VI)
After securing return home, leaving norther of Wales still in hands of Gruffud
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1097 (VII)
Troubles with Welsh did not end with William's second mission to region
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1098 (I)
Earl Hugh of Chester and Earl Hugh of Shrewsbury attempted to retake Gwynedd
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1098 (II)
They pushed Gruffudd and Cadwgan ap Bleddyn towards Anglesey and two Welsh men decided to run away to Ireland
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1098 (III)
But also lurking in area was Magnus 'Barelegs', King of Norway and grandson of Harold Hardrada.
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1098 (IV)
By late 1090s, Magnus had control of Shetlands, Western Isles and Isle of Man
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1098 (V)
Magnus viewed turmoil in north-west Wales as opportunity to step in and take control of area himself
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1098 (VI)
Magnus attacked Anglesey, killed Earl Hugh but then left
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1098 (VII)
Gruffudd and Cadwgan returned and Normans agreed to let them settle in Anglesey and Powys respectively
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1098 (VIII)
Hugh's land was passed onto his brother, Robert of Belleme (rather than his other brother Arnulf) - rather odd as Arnulf was already in Wales acting as lord of Pembroke
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1098 (IX)
King's decision to support Robert of Belleme was most likely due to him believing noble was more reliable and better equipped to deal with north Welsh
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1098 (X)
Once again, Welsh issue of rule and ownership of territory was unresolved
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

1093 - turning point in Anglo-Welsh relations - Rhys ap Tewdyr died in battle (leader of Pembrokeshire) - the Conqueror regarded ap Twedwr as real, bona fide Welsh leader of South of country

Back

Why, and with what consequences, did William invade Wales in 1095 and 1097? (II)

Card 3

Front

Arnulf (son of Roger of Montgomery) stepped in to assert claim over Pembrokeshire - this action led to Norman barons to grab key Welsh territory by force (Arnulf was Norman)

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

e.g. Brecon region - Bernard of Neufmarche and south Glamorgan to Robert fitz Haimo

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

By end of 1093, Robert of Rhuddlan attacked and killed supposedly by Gruffydd ap Cynan (Welsh claimant of Gwyneld)

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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