5.1 Individual Differences

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  • Created by: 12ec8077
  • Created on: 26-03-19 19:05
Aggression
Intent to harm, outside the rules of the sporting event
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Assertion
Forceful behaviour, within the laws of the event
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Evaluate the Instinct Theory of Aggression
Aggression in innate/feel release of aggression through catharsis/some people are always aggressive/contradicted by SLT/too simplistic/not all humans show aggressive behaviour/aggression is usually provoked, it's not spontaneous
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Evaluate the Frustration-aggression hypothesis
States that frustration will always leads to aggression due to blocking of goals increasing drive/aggression will reduce the frustration leading to catharsis/frustration doesn't always lead to aggression/Contradicted by SLT (motivation)
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Evaluate the Aggressive cue hypothesis
An increase in frustration increases an person's arousal level, creating a predisposition for aggression/certain stimuli (cue) must be present which they associate with aggression
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Evaluate the Social Learning Theories view on aggression
Aggression is learned/model other's behaviour/learn through observing and copying others/contradicted by Instinct Theory
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Social Facilitation
The positive influence of others, who may be watching or competing, on sports performance
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Social Inhibition
The negative effect of others, who may be watching or competing, which leads to a decrease in sports performance
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Coactors
Other performers performing the same activity
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Zajonc's factors affecting performance
Presence of an audience, cofactors increases performer's arousal levels/this makes it more likely that the DR will occur/simple skill, performer is an expert the DR will be correct/complex skill, performer is an expert DM will be incorrect
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Evaluation Apprehension
A rise in a performer's arousal levels when they perceive their audience,coactors to be evaluating or judging the performance
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Anxiety
Negative emotional state associated with arousal/worry or apprehension felt
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Trait Anxiety
a general feeling of apprehension enduring in an individual/generalised/innate
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State Anxiety
Anxiety felt in a particular situation
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Competitive Anxiety
Worry or apprehension felt during or about competitive situations
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Two type of State Anxiety
Somatic - the body's response e.g. sweating, increase HR, tension/Cognitive - psychological worry over the situation
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Eliminating Aggression
Avoid situations which initiate the response/increase peer pressure to be not aggressive/reinforce not aggressive acts/remove player from situation/punish an aggressive participant/show non aggressive role model/control arousal levels
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Peak Flow Experience
Elite performers/'in the zone'/no conscious thought processes due to motor programmes stored in LTM/automatic movements so can focus on tactics/high levels of confidence/zone of optimal functioning/relaxed
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Cue Utilisation
As the arousal level increases, attention narrows/performer needs to focus or relevant cues and ignore irrelevant ones
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Most common personality traits
Type A/Type B/stable/unstable or neurotic/extroversion/introversion
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Type A Personality
Characteristics of impatience, intolerance and high levels of stress
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Type B Personality
Someone who has a relaxed tolerant approach and usually has low stress levels
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Extrovert Personality
Someone who seeks social situations, like excitement, but can't concentrate well
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Introvert Personality
Someone who doesn't seek social situations and likes peace and quiet, but is good at concentrating
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Stable Personality
Someone who is constant in their emotional behaviour and doesn't swing from one emotion to another
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Unstable/neurotic Personality
Someone who is highly anxious and has unpredictable emotions
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Social Learning Theories approach to Personality
States that a person's personality changes and is influenced by the environment/our personalities are shaped by those around us/we are more likely to adopt the personality of our role models
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Interactionist Approach to personality
B=f(PxE) The integration between personality and the situation determines our behaviour/both trait and SLT have some value/we are born with certain traits but when our traits interact with environmental factors our personality traits are affected
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Personality
The patterns of thoughts and feelings and the way in which we interact with the environment and other people that makes us a unique person
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The Catastrophe Theory
Arousal increase, performance increase/until optimum where performance falls dramatically/ due high cognitive anxiety+increasing somatic/after 'catastrohpe' high arousal, further decrease/lower arousal, increase performance but not to optimum point
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The Drive Theory
Direct correlation between arousal and performance/as arousal increases, performance increases/Hull states learn't behaviour is more likely to occur as arousal increases/therefore performance is dependant on dominant response/doesn't explain fails
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The Inverted U Theory
Arousal increases,performance increase/until optimum point where performance decreases/under arousal/over arousal/optimum arousal/task - fine=low arousal/skill - complex+expert = high/ personality- extrovert =low
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Under arousal
Decreased performance/ attentional broadening (not filtering out irrelevant information causing an information overload)
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Optimum Arousal
Ideal width of attentional field/ positive effects of cue utilisation and selective attention/maximising capacity to make fast, ACCURATE decisions
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Over Arousal
Hyper vigilance/filter out relevant cues/leading to poor decision making
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Attitude
an emotional response that influences behaviour and brings about an individual's typical actions towards an attitude object
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Features of an attitude
Can be positive (favouritism)/can be negative (prejudice)/an attitude is leant/can last a lifetime/is unstable so can be changed
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Attitude formation
Triadic model/Cognitive element (belief)/affective element (emotions)/behavioural element (behaviour)
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Changing attitudes
Persuasive communication/Cognitive dissonance
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Cognitive Dissonance
Changing one component of the triadic model/causes a psychological conflict the body naturally wants to restore back to equilibrium/drive for consonance (motivates a person to restore balance)
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Persuasive Communication
Verbal Persuasion/4 components/persuader - high status, role model/message - presented in a way thats unambiguous and makes them want to change/recipient - must want to change/situation - more persuaders present, more likely the attitude will change
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Forceful behaviour, within the laws of the event

Back

Assertion

Card 3

Front

Aggression in innate/feel release of aggression through catharsis/some people are always aggressive/contradicted by SLT/too simplistic/not all humans show aggressive behaviour/aggression is usually provoked, it's not spontaneous

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

States that frustration will always leads to aggression due to blocking of goals increasing drive/aggression will reduce the frustration leading to catharsis/frustration doesn't always lead to aggression/Contradicted by SLT (motivation)

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

An increase in frustration increases an person's arousal level, creating a predisposition for aggression/certain stimuli (cue) must be present which they associate with aggression

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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