3.4 Eukaryotic Cell Structure

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What is the nuclear envelope?
A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus
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What is it connected to
The cells endoplasmic reticulum
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What can be found on its surface?
Ribosomes
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What is its function?
To control what goes in and out of the nucleus and contain the reactions that occur within it
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What is the function of the nuclear pores?
To allow large molecules out of the nucleus
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Approximately how many pores are there in each nucleus?
3000
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How big are the pores?
40-100 nm in diameter
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What is the nucleoplasm?
The granular jelly-like substance that makes up the bulk of the nucleus
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What do chromosomes consist of?
Protein bound linear DNA
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What is the nucleolus?
A small spherical region within the nucleoplasm
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What is the function of the nucleolus?
To manufacture ribosomal RNA and assemble ribosomes
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What does the double membrane of the mitochondria control?
The entry and exit of materials to the mitochondria
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What is important about the inner membrane?
It is folded to form cristae
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What is the purpose of the cristae?
To provide a larger surface area of enzymes or other proteins used in respiration to attach to
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What can be found in the matrix?
Proteins, lipids, ribosomes and DNA
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Why is this important?
It means that mitochondria can control the production of some of their own proteins
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What process occurs in the mitochondria?
The aerobic stages of respiration
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What are mitochondria responsible for?
The production of ATP
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Where are the highest numbers of mitochondria found?
In cells that have a high level of metabolic activity
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What is the chloroplast envolope?
A double plasma membrane that surrounds the organelle. It is highly selective in what it allows to enter and exit the organelle
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What are the grana?
Stacks of up to 100 disc-like structures called thylakoids
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What is found in the thylakoids?
Chlorophyll
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What process takes place in the grana?
The first stage of photosynthesis (light-dependent reaction)
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What occurs in the stroma?
The second stage of photosynthesis (light-independent reaction)
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What can be found in the stroma?
Other structures like starch grains
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How do the granal membranes assist the chloroplast in carrying out photosynthesis?
They provide a large surface area for the attachment of chlorophyll, electron carriers ad enzymes
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What does the fluid of the stroma contain that aids photosynthesis?
All the enzymes needed to make sugars in the second stage of photosynthesis
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Chloroplasts contain DNA and ribosomes, why is this important?
It means they can quickly and easily manufacture some of the proteins needed for photosynthesis
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What is the main difference between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
The rough ER has ribosomes present on its surface whereas smooth ER doesn't
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What are the two functions of the rough ER?
1. Provide a large surface area for the synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins 2. Provide a pathway for the transport of materials, proteins, throughout the cell
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What are the two functions of the smooth ER?
1. Synthesise, store and transport lipids. 2. Synthesise, store and transport carbohydrates
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Which cells will have an extensive ER?
Cells that manufacture and store large quantities of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
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What is the purpose of the golgi apparatus?
To modify the proteins produced by the ER by adding non-protein components to them
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What else is formed in the golgi apparatus?
Lysososmes
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When are lysosomes formed?
When the vesicles produced by the golgi apparatus contain proteases and lipases
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What are lysozymes?
Enzymes that hydrolyse the cell walls of certain bacteria
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Where do lysosomes release these enzymes?
Outside the cell or into a phagocytic vesicle
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What are the 4 main functions of the lysosomes?
1. hydrolyse material ingested by phagocytic cells, such as white blood cells and bacteria 2. Release enzymes to the outside of the cell in order to destroy material around the cell 3. Digest worn out organelles 4. Break down the cell after death
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Why do lysosomes break down worn out organelles?
So that the useful chemicals that they are made of can be reused
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Where can ribosomes be found in cells?
The cytoplasm, the RER, mitochondria and chloroplasts
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Where will you find 80S ribosomes?
In eukaryotic cells
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Where will you find 70S mitochondria?
In prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts
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What process occurs at the ribosomes?
Protein synthesis
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What is the cell wall of a plant made of?
Cellulose
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What is the middle lamellea?
A thin layer which marks the boundary between adjacent cell walls and cements adjacent cells together
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What are the main functions of the cell wall?
1. To provide mechanical strength to prevent cells for bursting under pressure from osmotic entry of water 2. To give mechanical strength to the plant as a whole 3. to allow water to pass over it and contribute to movement of water through the plant
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What are algae cell walls made up of?
Either cellulose, glycoproteins or a mixture of both
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What are fungi cell walls made up of?
Chitin, glycan and glycoproteins
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What is the vacuole?
A fluid filled sac bounded by a single membrane
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What is the single membrane called?
Tonoplast
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What is contained within the vacuole?
A solution of mineral salts, sugars, amino acids, wastes and sometimes pigments
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What are the two main functions of the vacuole?
1. To make the cells turgid 2. To act as a temporary food store
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Why are the pigments found in some cell's vacuoles important?
It can colour petals that will attract pollinating insects
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Card 4

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Card 5

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What is the function of the nuclear pores?

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