China notes access to history textbook

• “Futian incident” — 4000 Red Army troops killed. “Do not kill the important leaders too quickly, but squeeze out of them the maximum information”. Anying left “full of pain” at the brutality of the anti-landlord campaigns. “Thugs” and “the dregs of society” lead proceedings, in his eyes.

• Tibet — 60,000 quickly assembled in an informal army to defend their land and culture. Xizang, new Mandarin name. 1952 Democratic League and Left GMD/KMT had disappeared. 65,000 bandits executed Guangzhou, 28,000 Shanghai. Official CCP “watchers” on all street and tenement blocks.

• 1955 — on the bourgeoisie “we are quite heartless. On this matter, Marxism is indeed cruel and has little mercy… Some of our comrades are too kind...Our aim is to exterminate capitalism…”

• Hukou — family accommodation certificate.

• Deng — Gao Gang’s suicide “the ultimate treason.”

• USSR, no attendance of June 1950 meeting to send a UN army to Korea. Gromyko admitted this move was deliberate, to incite the US into war with Korea. Gao and Lin had argued that the focus should still be on internal enemies. “NK’s friends are our friends, its enemy our enemy, its defence our defence”. October 1950 MacArthur’s forces cross 38th parallel.

• 1951 15% inflation. The gross output target was set at 53,560m yuan and in 1957 this was exceeded t 65,020m. 179,000 tons merchant ships v 54,000 achieved. 79,000kW hydroelectric turbine energy v 74,900 achieved.

Government spending:

1950

1952

1957

Development

25.5

45.4

51.4

Ed/culture

11.1

13.6

16.0

Defence

41.5

26.0

19.0

Admin

19.3

10.3

7.8

Miscellaneous

2.6

4.7

5.8

Total (m yuan)

6,810

16,790

29.020

• GLF — thousands of prisoners forced to work, Mao “emperor of the blue ants”, 30 minutes of digging at the Ming Tombs reservoir.

• Li Hsien-mien, 1958, “upward revision of the targets almost every day.”

• To 100 index 1959 light industrial production was 1962 70, heavy 44.2. Coal 131 1957 1964 200, 5.4 10 steel, 1.5 7 oil, 0.8 3.6 chemical fertilisers, bill ms cotton cloth 5.0 4.0. 1960 half of 300 technical plants shut, Soviet assistance was withdrawn. Chinese ordered to praise Lysenko, one doctor in Beijing told the Soviets had invented the aeroplane. Secretaries stole for themselves, Secretary Xu in Jiangsi, “Everyone should take responsibility for his food ration.”. Jiang Qing, first political experience at Lushan.

• 1959 a Tibetan rising, thousands imprisoned. Wheat or maize could not be made into the tsampa paste which was the mainstay of the Tibetan diet. Khampas could not roam pasture lands anymore, “yoked to the plough”. Yaks must remain on communes where they grew emaciated. Panchen Lama secret tour, 20% jailed (average 80-100 per village), ½ had died in prison. “Don’t let us starve! Don’t let Buddhism be exterminated!” 1960 Beijing statement, “the wonderful situation prevailing in Tibet today.” Zhou later admitted the report was fair.

• 1960s Gansu and Qinhghai governments had been takne over by Liu and Deng supporters who had begun to reverse the collectiivsation programme. 33 chapters of the Little Red Book including “The COmmunist Party”, “Classes and…