- cultural factors: class differences in norms and values
- theorists argue we aquire basic values, attitudes & skills needed for educational success through primary socialisation
intellectual development: - development of thinking & reasoning skills eg problem solving
- W/C home lacks books & educational toys which stimulate a childs ID so they start school without having developed intellectual skills needed to progress.
language: -Bernstein
- the restricted code - used by W/C - limited vocab,short, unfinished and simple sentences, gestures, context bound
- the elaborated code - used by M/C - wider vocab, long, grammatically more complex sentences, context free. Gives M/C an advantage at school - textbooks,teachers & exams use elaborated code so feel 'at home' at school so are more likely to succeed . Textbooks use EC - dont know readers so have to spell out their meanings explicity so understood universally. School fails to teach W/C EC
+ recognises the school as well as home influences children's achievements
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