RIO DE JANEIRO

• Important industrial center - produces 5% of Brazil's GDP
• Natural surroundings and beaches make it one of the most visited cities in the southern hemisphere
• Rio hosted the 2014 Football World Cup and the 2016 Olympic Games
• Main manufacturing industries are chemicals, pharmaceuticals, clothing, furniture and processed foods
• Main service industries are banking, finance and insurance
• The Statue of Christ the Redeemer is one of the Seven Wonders of the World
• A major port - main exports are coffe, suagr and iron ore

NORTH ZONE:

• Main industrial and port area
• The international airport and Maracana footbball stadium are here
• An area of low-quality housing and favelas
• The location of the Tijuca National Park

CENTRO:

• The oldest part of the city - historic buildings
• The cities central business district (CBD) and main shoppiong area
• Many financial HQ's (Petrobras and CVBB - oil and mining companies)

SOUTH ZONE:

• Developed with tunnels though the mountains
• Main hotels and beaches (Copacabana and Ipanema)
• Wealthy with luxury flats (the wealthiest in South America)
• Overlooked by Rocihna

WEST ZONE:

• Changed to a wealthy costal sub-urb with luxury appartements and tourist facilities
• The indistrial area of Campo Grande has low-quality housing around the steelworks
• The main Olympic Stadium and Competitor village for 2016 are here

• HEALTH CARE:
• In 2013 only 55% of the city had a locl family health clinic
• Services for pregnant women and the elderly were very poor - especially in the West Zone
• Infant Mortality Rate of 21 / 1,000 - life expectancy of 45 years in some places
• EDUCATION:
• Is compulsory for children 6-14 years but only 50% of children continue after 14 (many get involved in drug trafficking)
• Shortage of local schools and teachers, lack of money, low-paid teachers and children need to work - poor training for teachers
• WATER SUPPLY:
• 12% did not have running water - 37% of water lost through leaky pipes, fraud and illegal access
• ENERGY:
• Frequent blackouts due to electricity shortage (growing population will exacerbate this)
• Many people from poorer parts get energy illegally by tapping into the mains supply which is risky and unsafe

• HEALTH CARE:
• In Santa Marta medical staff took a health kit to peoples homes which could detecta and treat 20 different diseases
• as a result, infant mortality has fallen and life expectancy has increased
• EDUCATION:
• Local people are encouraged to voulenteer in schools and a private uni has opened in Rocihna
• School grants are given to poor families and money made available for free sports lessons
• WATER SUPPLY:
• Improvng the quantity and quality of water in favelas and the Olympic Park
• Seven new treatment plants ahev been built ince 1998 and over 300km of pipes were laid
• By 2014, 95% of the population had a mains water supply
• ENERGY:
• 60km of new power lines
• New nuclear generator
• Developing a new Simplicio hydro-electric complex which will increse electricity supply by 30%, but it will taks 6 years and $2million USD

• UNEMPLOYMENT:
• A recession in 2015 has increased unemployemtn
• High taxes, poor education and inadequate health care have been protested about 
• Is a reason for the high contrasts in wealth
• 20% are unemployed in favelas - most work in the informal economy (street vendors, labourers, drivers, maids or in the production of sweing and handicraft work for the local marked)
• Informal work is poorly paid (£60 a month) and irregular
• CRIME:
• Murder, kidnapping, carjacking and armed assult occur regularly
• Powerful gangs control drug trafficking 
• Many people say that police are targeting favelas near the Olympic Park - which residents see as an attack on their freedom

• UNEMPLOYMENT:
• Local government using youth education to help reduce youth unemployment
• Schools of Tomorrow programme aims to improve education for young people in poor and violent areas (including practical and skills-based courses)
• Courses are available for adults who have temporarily left education
• Free childcare is provided for teenage parents to return to education
• CRIME:
• UPPs (Police Pacifying Units) were established to reclaim favelas from drugs gangs
• Police have taken control fo crime-dominated Complexo do Amelao and 30 smaller favelas
• Lower crime rate, increased property value and growing tourism are positive results of their fight against crime in favelas

• TRAFFIC CONGESTION:
• Rio is the most congested city in South America - increasing stress and pollution levels
• Lots of steep mountains - main roads on costal lowlands become congested
• Tunnels through mountians are needed to connect different areas fo the city
• The number of cars in Rio has grown by 40% - high crime levels, people travel by car
• WATER POLLUTION:
• Guanabara bay is highly polluted (major threat to wildlife)
• Commercial fishing has declined by 90%
• Over 200 tonnes fo raw sewage pours into the bay each day
• Over 50 tonnes of industrial waste enters the bay each day
• Oil spills from Petrobas oil refinery
• Ships empty fuel tanks there illegally as there are not facilities for them to do it anywhere else
• WASTE POLLUTION:
• Many favelas are on steep slopes with no proper roads - access is difficult for waste collection lorries
• Most waste is dumped and polluted the water system, causing diseases like cholera and encouraging rats

• TRAFFIC CONGESTION:
• Expansion of the metro system under Guanabara Bay to the South Zone and Tijuca
• New toll roads into city cnter to reduce congestion
• Making coast roads one-way during rush hour to imrpove traffic flow
• WATER POLLUTION:
• 12 new sewage works have been built since 20004 at a cost of $68 million USD
• Ships are fined for illegaly dishcharging fuels into the bay
• 5km of new sewage pipes have been installed (aroound badly polluted areas)
• WASTE POLLUTION:
• A power plant has been set up near the Rio University using methane gas from rotting rubbish 
• It consumes 30 tonnes of rubbish a day and can power 1,000 homes

• Population of 250,000 (in 2014)
• Built on a steep hillside looking over Copacabana and Ipanema beaches (very rich areas)
• Regular work in wealthy areas allow residents to make inprovements to their community
• 90% of houses built with bricks, electricity, running water and sewage systems
• Many houses with TVs and fridges
• Newspapers and Radio Stations
• Retail facilities including food, clothes and video rental shops, bars, travel agents, McDonalds
• Schools, health facilities and a priate University

• CONSTRUCTION:
• Houses are poorly constructed (built illegally ith basic materials - iron, broken bricks, plastic)
• Built on steep slopes - prone to landlsides (caused by heavy rain)
• In 2010, 224 people were killed and 13,000 lost homes in a landslide 
• Limited road access due to slopes
• SERVICES: (in unimproved favelas)
• 12% of homes do not have running water
• Over 30% with no electricity
• 50% with no sewage connections
• Illegal electricity connections
• Sewers are often open drains
• Drinking water is usually from mains taps, which can be far away 

• UNEMPLOYMENT:
• Rates as high as 20%
• Employment poorly paid with irregular jobs (informal sector)
• Average income below £75
• CRIME:
• Murder rate of 20 / 1,000
• Drug gangs dominate many favelas
• Inhabitants distrust polic due to violence and corruption
• HEALTH:
• Population densities of 37.000 per km2
• IMR of 50 / 1,000
• Waste cannot be disposed of so builds up in the streets - increasing diseases
• Burning rubbish can ignite wooden houses and snoke is bad for health

• Moving people to new areas such as barra da Tijuca to reecude overcrowding
• Rehousing people from favelas in basic housing
• Forced eviction from favelas to clear land for development
• Developing rural areas to encorage people to live there
• Raising taxes on the rich to help house the poor
• Developing cultural activities for youths to prevent them getting involved in crime (samba classes, Afro-reggae)

• IMPROVING LIFE:
• Site and Service scheme - authorities provide land and services for residents to build homes
• e.g. Complexo de Alemao
  • paved and formally named roads
  • access to water supply and drainage system (sanitation)
  • hillsides secured and people relocated  (landlsides)
  • health, leisure and education facilities built
  • cable car installed to Ipanema (one free return ticket per day)
  • access to credit to allow inhabitants to buy materials for their homes
  • 100% mortgages available to buy homes
  • UPPs set up with police patrolling the comminity to reduce crime
• SUCCESS OR FAILURE?
• SUCCESS - quality of life, mobility and employment prospects have improved 
  • also used for other Brazilian cities
• FAILURE - budget ($1 million USD) may not cover all favelas
  • new infrastructure not maintained - residents do not have the skills to repair it
  • training required to improve literacy and employment 
  • rent has increased - the poor are even more worse off

• Some favelas demolished to make way for developments
• 1,000 lost their homes to make way for a new road
• Plans to demolish 3,000 houses ahead of the games
• 800 new houses built in Campo Grande in the West Zone for those whose houses were demolished - 90 minute drive from city centre
  • lacks a sense of community
  • has no shops
  • no-where for children to play 
  • very far away from the city

RIO DE JANEIRO