Revoluitions 1820-40

Causes

Naples- King Ferdinand increased power of Church and restrictions with freedom, increase in poverty & gov corruption

Sicily- domino effect. wanted independence from Naples

Piedmont- domino effect. V.E I reactionary rulerhe abdicated- son Charles Albert accepted to form a new constitutional gov

Course

Naples- King agreed to new consitution- all male vote- limited loyal power

Sicily- got independence and own gov

Piedmont- Charles Albert takes control but elder brother Charles Felix was deounced as a rebel

Failure

Naples&Sicily- Revolutionary Gov of Naples refused independence of Sicily- Austrian intervention (and Peidmont)

Causes

Liberals& Middle class- demand for constitutional gov & middle class involvment in politics

Liberal Revolution in France- Domino effect

Course

Modena & Parma- both rulers flee. Provisional govs set up

Papal States- revolt brock out in Bologna- Pope's army put a little resistance. Provisional gov was set up in Bologna

Failure

Austrian intervention- rulers of Modena, Parma and the Pope appealed to Austria for help- revs were defeated by Austrain army

• Little communication: based around isolated units of Carbonari- didnt say plans/ tactics
• Little cooperation: didnt cooperate with each other
• Little coordination: had different aims and didnt coordinate thier activity
• Different aims
• Lack of mass support: little attempt to involve the mass of ordinary people- peasants
• Lack of international support: France didnt intervene neither did other Great Powers
• Metternich/ Austria: defended absolutism

Causes

Pope Pius IX: policies excited liberal opinion revolutionary sentiment everywhere

Agricultural depression: Italian economy dependent on agriculture- harvest failed throughout peninsula - price of food increased- poverty

Liberal & nationalsit agitation : against absolutism, repressive and corrupt nature of Italian govs

Revolution in France: domino effect

Course

Sicily&Naples- successful both got what wnated

Central&Northern Italy:Provisional gov

Setbacks in Northern Italy & Failures in Sicily & Naples-Ferdinand gained control again- everything was reversed- reunited Sicily with Naples

Rise& Fall of Roman Republic

Rise 1848: end of Pope's& Church political power

Fall 1850: Pope returns reverses everything

Defeat od remaining Revolutions

1849: Charles Albert abdicated replaced by his son V.E I, austrian defeat

• Sicily again governed by Naples
• Lombardy ruled by Austria
• Absolutists rulers returned
•  Piedmont kept Statuto

• Lack of communication and coordination
• Lack of cooperation
• Leader
• Military Resources
• Lack of mass support
• Foreign intervention