After escaping the cave, what the philosopher sees is in reference to Plato's 'Forms'
Plato was a dualist - he believed in two realities, separate from each other. The realities are:
The Realm of the Particulars (everyday objects we see around us)
and
The Realm of the Forms (the objects outside the cave)
A fun example: A cup. What makes it a cup? Its shape? Its purpose? There are many different kinds of cups of all shapes, sizes and purposes yet we can identify them all as cups. Plato says that this is because it participates in the 'Form of the cup', which gives it 'cupness'.
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