PE GCSE Paper 2

Sportsmanship: 

• Ethical, appropriate, polite and fair behaviour while participating in a game or athletic event. 

Gamesmanship:

• The use of methods, especially in a sports contest, that are dubious or seemingly improper but not strictly illegal. 

Deviance: 

• Falls outside the norms or outside what is deemed to be acceptable.

Positive deviance: 

• Behaviour that is outside the norm but with no intention to harm or break the rules. 

Negative deviance:

• Behaviour that goes against the norm and has a detrimental effect on others. 

• A drug is a chemical substance that is used to improve any form of sport performance in humans. 
• Can cause some side effects which are unpleasant. 
• Using performance enhancing drugs is an example of deviance. 

Advantages: 

• Changes of success 
• Fame 
• World records 

Disadvantages: 

• Cheating and immoral
• Health risks 
• Reputation damage

• Mimics the male sex hormone testosterone which promotes bone and muscle growth. 

Desired effects:

• Quicker recovery
• Train harder and longer
• Muscular hypertrophy
• Increased aggression

Negative side effects:

• Liver and kidney damage
• High blood pressure
• Acne
• Reduced sperm count in men
• Development of breasts in men
• Facial hair growth, baldness and deepening of the voice in females
• Increased aggression

Sporting examples - sprinters and boxers

• A drug that is used to control the heart rate and have a calming and relaxing affect.

Desired effects:

• Reduces heart rate
• Keeps hand steady
• Reduces the effect of adrenaline

Negative side effects:

• Dizziness
• Nausea
• Drowsiness/fatigue
• Headache
• Slow heart beat

Sporting examples - archery, shooting (needing a steady hand)

• A drug that has an effect on the central nervous system, such as increased mental and/or physical alertness.

Desired effects:

• Make athletes more alert
• Masks fatigue
• Quick reactions

Negative side effects:

• Heart failure
• Addictive

Sporting examples - sprinters and boxers

Positive:

• Sport England strategy 'Create a sporting habit for life'.

Barrier:

• Old or young people that have a lack of confidence/self-esteem in taking part. 

Positive: 

• Investment of funding to encourage female participation including 'Active Women's projects' and 'This Girl Can'. 

Barrier:

• Stereotypical/traditionally linked gender sport bias. 

Positive:

• Funding of the 'Sporting Equals' project that is designed ti help more people from black and minority ethnic (BME) communities to get involved. 

Barrier: 

• Fewer coaching opportunites in football for black and minority ethnic groups. 

Positive:

• Development of sport hijabs being worn by female role models in different sporting competitions.

Barrier:

• Certain faiths and beliefs discouraging participation in certain types of activity. 

Positive:

• A brother that gives their sister a lift in the car to go swimming. 

Barrier:

• A young sporter whose family don't bother to watch them race. 

Positive:

• Sport England funding for schools towards improving facilities and practical support.

Barrier:

• Schools with run down facilities and a limited extra-curricular programme.

Positive:

• Companies who build leisure facilities within the workplace to make it easier for employees to keep fit and active. 

Barrier:

• Parents with a young family may find it difficult to take part regularly in their sporting interests.

Positive:

• Concessions for children and the elderly in swimming pools.

Barrier:

• People unable to afford expensive gym memberships.

Positive:

• The Inclusive sports programme created to increase the number of disabled people playing sport. 

Barrier:

• Clubs that are unable to afford specialist equipment required to enable disabled to participate.

Positive:

• Sport England 'Sportivate' programme aimed at 14-25 year olds to find a sport they love. 

Barrier:

• Local gym facilities that are inaccessible, lack specialist equipment and untrained staff in disability awareness.

Positive:

• It can help raise the profile of issues such as the culture of male dominance in sport. 

Barrier:

• A lack of opportunity, provision and esteem for different social groups within sport and physical activity. 

Positive:

• Access to green space and/or natural enviroment that enables participation in outdoor adventurous activities. 

Barrier:

• Living in a rural area that has limited access to sports facilities such as an ice skating rink. 

Positive:

• Exposure of less known sports or activities such as mountain biking or other extreme sports. 

Barrier:

• Coverage of injuries may put people off from participating or people spending their time watching rather than playing. 

Positive:

• Successful Paralympic athletes in London 2012 and other major competitions inspiring people to participate. 

Barrier:

• Limited role models in less well known sports/activity such as Boccia and rock-climbing. 

Promotion:

• Convincing people they should take up sport
• Increase media coverage of women's sport, ethnic minority sport and disability sport
• More role models, especially women, BME and disability sports stars
• Campaigns such as 'Kick it Out' Disability Football and 'This Girl Can' by Sport England
• Challenge stereotyping
• Improve advertising of sessions/activities in the local area and media
• Improve advertising of campaigns and promotions such as free swimming for over 50s age group

Provision:

• Facilities/ equipment/ coaching
• Provision can be local (through the local authority, private enterprise or voluntary clubs and associations) or national (UK Sport, national sports centres, sports institutes and academies)
• More PE in National Curriculum for schools
• Increase opportunities for women's sport, minority sport and disability sport (women only sessions, Kabaddi, wheelchair basketball)
• Run sessions for specific groups, for example over 50s or women only
• Plan the timing of sessions to target certain groups, for example for parents with young children put on mid-morning sessions after the school run
• Provide creche facilities to run alongside activity sessions
• Provide activities that families can take part in together
• Provide facilities that are easy to get to and cater for the community needs

Access

• Creating opportunities for people to participate by making it easier for them to engage in sport
• Sports and facilities need to be local, available and affordable
• Transport – the availability of public transport, adequate car parking, safe cycling/walking routes or any free or specialist transport available
• Entry – ramps/wider doors for disabled access
• Equipment – the availability to hire equipment that is adapted for age/disability, for example hoists for swimming pool access
• Cost – sensible pricing to participate, reduced charges for certain groups, for example unemployed, low cost for equipment hire
• Allow alternative dress codes to reduce religious/cultural discrimination
• Availability of additional coaches/specialists to help with communication for disabled/ESL participants
• Adapt sports to make them more accessible – walking football, football golf, rush hockey

• Sport is now a global product. High-profile sports attract massive media interest and huge sponsorship deals.
• Definition: Commercialisation refers to the influence of commerce, trade or business on an industry (e.g. SPORT) to make a profit.

TV companies buy broadcasting rights to certain sports events.

↓

To view events a subscriber must make an extra payment (pay-per-view).

↓

Only those who can afford to subscribe have access to the event.

↓

This can generate sponsorship (money) for the sport.

• Sport
• Media 
• Sponsorship
  

This refers to the relationship and interdependence of media, sport and sponsorship - each one needs the others to succeed. 

Advantages for Sport:

• Helps promote sport - media promotes what is happening through a variety of forms.
• Creates more money for many sports - Such as better facilities and coaching then available.
• Promotes a healthy, active lifestyle - for all to see. 

Disadvantages for Sport:

Deviance

• Loss of Integrity for the sport
• Costs a lot of money to extablish strong bonds, maintain media coverage and sponsorship deals

Certain sports dominate

• Such as Football is shown more than most other sports
• They don't have widespread media coverage, therefore they have little to no sponsors.

Advantages for Media:

• Has various different forms - Such as TV, Radio, Newspaper, Apps, Social Media etc.
• Role - They are there to educate, inform and entertain the audience.
• TV affects Sports - More people are watching the sport.
• Increased participation - People can be inspired by what they see through the Media
• Increased Money - Media pay a lot of money to air certain sports.
• Role Models - Such as Jessica Ennis-Hill shows how successful women can be in sport.

Disadvantages for Media:

• Too much sport on TV - People would rather watch on TV, rather than participating.
• Bad Behaviour - Role models detering people from participating and watching.
• Irresponsible Press Coverage - Personal lives of sports people, as well as hooliganism.
• Media Demands - Changing kick off times in order to accomodate what the media wants.
• Pay per View - It is expensive and means every sport isn't accesible for all

Advantages of Sponsorship:

• Increase money - funding for kit and similar types of equipment.
• Allow participation as a job.
• Clubs have some level of financial security.
• Inexpensive form of advertising.

Disadvantages of Sponsorship:

• Bad Image - Such as Alcohol, Gambling, Loans etc. Such adverts aren't always promoting positive images.
• Pressure on Demands - Clubs have to perform well, because they portray the sponsor e.g. Adidas told Man UTD to perform better as they weren't playing well.

Motor skills – is an action or task that has a target or goal and requires voluntary limb or body movements toachieve it.

• Efficient - no wasted effort in the movement. For example, a top level butterfly swimmer will not make any unnecessary splashing and kicking when racing.
• Predetermined - the performer knows what they are doing and what they are trying to achieve. For example, a good badminton player can play a serve with disguise into the corner so it beats the opponent.
• Coordinated - all the parts (or subroutines) of the skill are linked together seamlessly. For example, a triple jumper's hop, step and jump movements must be in the right place at the right time.
• Fluent - flowing and smooth. For example, a high class trampolinist will perform a routine so that each move flows smoothly into the next.
• Aesthetic - it looks good. For example, an international slalom snowboarder races stylishly and looks good to the spectators.
• Good technique - correct technique when executing the skill. For example, a good hockey player will hit the ball with good technique to a team-mate during a match.

Environmental continuum:

Open skills are skills:

• Affected by the environment.
• Usually externally paced
• Occur when performers have to make decisions and adapt their skills to a changing or unpredictable environment.
• The performer is not in control of what will happen next.

Closed skills are skills:

• That are not affected by the environment.
• Usually self-paced
• Occur in fixed or predictable situations.
• The performer uses exactly the same technique every time and is in control of what happens next.

Difficulty continuum:

Skills can be classed according to the types of judgementsand decisions made when performing the skill.

• Simple Skills – simple straightforward skill, with hardly any judgements and decisions. Taught as a whole and in a fairly repetitive way, e.g. a sprint start in swimming.
• Complex Skills – make many decisions, skill may have to be learned in stages, e.g. slip catch in cricket, a tennis serve or a pass by a midfield player in hockey who has to make lots of decisions before she passes.

We use goal setting because it:

• Motivates performers and keeps them working hard.
• More likely to adhere to exercise – stick with the exercise programme.
• Gives performers a better chance to improve fitness levels.
• Helps to improve / optimise performance.
• Allows progress to be made to your training.

Goals can be related to the performance or outcome:

• Performance goals are directed to the performance or technique e.g. to keep my elbow high in shot put.
• Outcome goals are directed to the end result e.g. ensure the shotput lands over 5m.

SPECIFIC

• The goal must be specific so the performer knows exactly what they aim to achieve.

MEASURABLE

• You must be able to measure your progress.

ACHIEVABLE

• The goal must be possible for the performer to reach.

RECORDED

• Logging the goal and the progress made will enable the performer to see how close they are getting to their target. It is also motivating to do this.

TIMED

• The goal must have a definite beginning and end, giving the performer a time limit to achieve.

• Anxiety- the fear that something will not go as we want it to.
• Cognitive anxiety management techniques- methods of coping that affect the mind.
• Somatic anxiety management techniques- methods of coping with the effects on the body.

Mental preparation techniques include:

• Imagery 
• Mental rehearsal 
• Selective Attention 
• Positive thinking

Imagery is a mental or psychological technique in which the performer imagines or visualises themselves being successful in their performance. Through imagery, the performer may recreate a good past performance or may ‘make up’ a positive new experience, for example before taking a penalty a footballer might picture the ball hitting the back of the net.

External – seeing yourself doing it

Internal – seeing it through your own eyes

Selective attention is where the performer focuses their concentration on what they are doing or about to do and ignores all other distractions. A sprinter uses selective attention on the blocks at the start of the race. A goal keeper in football will filter out crowd noise and the shouting of opponents in order to focus on saving the goal.

Helps an athelete stay optimistic.

• Refers to the way in which information is given to oteach a skill. 
• The way in which to teach the skill changes dependent om the complexity of the skill. 

The 4 ways are: 

• Visual
• Verbal 
• Manual 
• Mechanical

When guidance is presented in a form that the performer can look at. 

Advantages:

• Useful for all levels of performer. 
• Especially good for inexperienced performers. 
• Visions is most peoples' dominant sense. 
• Allows performers to see what is required. 
• Specific aspects of whole skills can be observed.
• Performers can copy what they have seen.

Disadvantages:

• Demonstration or image must be of a good quality.
• Some skills are too complex to demonstrate. 
• Performers may not pay attention. 

Sporting examples:

• Showing athletes how to do a lay-up in basketball through a poster. 

When a coach describes how to perform a skill or tells a performer something e.g feedback.

Advantages: 

• Especially useful for higher level performers. 
• Good way of highlighting key teaching points. 
• Useful for sharing basic information and instruction. 
• Questioning can often make a performer think. 

Disadvantages:

• Can result in 'information overload'.
• Can be boring. 
• Sports arena are often noisy.
• Complex things are often difficult to explain. 

Sporting examples:

• Coaching giving feedback from the side line. 

A coach physically moving a performer into the correct position/supporting them to do the skill.

Advantages: 

• Good for complete beginners.
• Allows some development of correct feel. 

Disadvantages:

• A movement can feel different when someone else is moving your body for you.
• Performer may not think that they are actually performing it themselves. 

Sporting examples: 

• moving a player into the correct position e.g a coach holding a racket at the same time as a tennis player and practicing to serve. 

When equipment is used to assist in the coaching process.

Advantages:

• Good for potentially dangerous skills. 
• Can allow performer to gain a feel for a movement without fear. 
• Good for building confidence.

Disadvantages:

• Equipment may be expensive. 
• Performer can come to rely on the aid. 

Sporting examples:

• Harness for teaching somersaults in trampolining.