Livestock - Nutrition
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- Created by: Becky_Berry
- Created on: 24-03-21 09:52
Nutrition
- maintenance diet - the amount of food required to keep the body alive with no change in body weight or production
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Utilisation of Feed
- life processes - breathing, circulation
- growth
- heat
- movement
- offspring
- milk
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The Nutrient Groups
- carbohydrates
- minerals
- water
- vitamins
- fats/lipids
- proteins
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Dietary Instructions
- rationed (set weighed amount) i.e. once or twice daily
- ad-lib (free access to food all the time)
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Feeding Systems
- automatic feeding system - ad lib
- semi-automatic feeding system - rationed
- manual (by hand) feeding system - rationed
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Feeding Systems - Silage
- straights
- mixing facilities maybe required
- storage facilities required
- time-consuming getting the best deals
- maybe even cash flow
- outside ration formulation advice maybe required
- compounds
- can be delivered
- ready-made ration
- easy to get extra minerals or other additives included
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Feed Types
- hay
- wheat
- barley
- straw
- oats
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Feed Types: Forages
- roughages e.g., hay (made from grass) and straw (made from wheat and barley stalks)
- high dry matter content
- haylage
- grasses grown and cut
- left to dry for less time (approx. 30% - 40% moisture)
- bales are wrapped and compressed
- high energy and protein content
- silage
- grass, maize (sweetcorn), whole crop cereal
- grasses are cut and then fermented to keep as much of the nutrients (e.g., sugars and proteins) as possible
- fermented in acidic conditions (around pH 4-5), fibrous and cheap
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Feed Types: Forages: Hay
- smell
- should be sweet - not sickly
- not fousty
- poor mouldy hay gives out clouds of white/grey dust when shaken. This is caused by bailing when damp.
- colour
- green or golden
- not pale or bleached - a sign the grass has been left out in the sun for too long
- not chocolate brown with sickly smell - results from overheating
- composition
- individual varieties of grass should be identifiable
- plenty of leaf - protein
- no weeds or soil
- not brittle - caused by over making
- DM 80%
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Feed Types: Forages: Grass Silage
- smell
- desirable smell is sharp and slightly sweet
- not sharp acid smell caused by acid fermentation
- not ammonia smell - caused by protein breakdown
- colour
- good - greenish/yellow
- not olive green
- not dark brown or black, caused by poor clamp sealing or allowing air into clamp once opened
- composition
- individual varieties of grass should be identifiable
- plenty of leaf - protein
- no weeds or soil
- dry matter
- hold silage in hand and squeeze
- water runs out: under 20%
- water felt when squeezed: 20-24%
- no water can be felt when compressed into a ball = 28%
- springs open on its own = over 30%
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Feed Types: Succulents
- e.g., fodder beat, turnips, brewers grains
- low in dry matter
- high moisture content
- fibrous
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Feed Types: Grazing
- e.g., grass, stubble turnips, kale
- low dry matter
- quality can vary according to season
- fibrous
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Food Types: Concentrates
- high energy/protein/fibre
- dry, 89-90% dry matter
- e.g., cereals, pellets/cake, coarse mix
- cereals = high in energy
- peas and beans = high in protein
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Dry Matter
- food materials left after all water is evaporated off
- this portion contains all the nutrients
- constituents: energy, protein, minerals, vitamins
- Grass silage: 25% DM
- Maize silage: 30% DM
- Cereals: 86% DM
- Hay: 80%
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Food Storage
- hay and straw
- barn
- polythene covered
- big bales - round and square
- silage
- big bales
- clamp
- concentrates
- hopper
- bagged feed
- grains
- grain silo
- barn
- feed bags
- supplements
- plastic tub
- bagged
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Feed Quality
- palatability
- smell
- taste
- texture
- visual
- digestibility (D value)
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