History- Luther

• 1517
• Against indulgences
  • selling salvation
• provoked by: Johann Tetzel
  • Dominican Friar
  • revenue for Pope Leo X, St Peters Basilica 
  • The Archbishop of Mainz - simony - in debt to fruggers 
  • claimed could save the soul of man who violaed mother of christ
  • "a penny in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs"
• Theologically opposed NOT POLITICAL
  • Prince Frederick banned Tetzel - economic, nationalistic
  • M.L personal conscience: "anorexic monk" (Mullett)
  • Couldn't sit back while people misled (Randell)  
  • 1510 visit to rome "thick dust of moral decay" (Mullett)

• Misunderstood Luther's message: thought he was talking Social Order
  • Taught Sola Fide, "Preisthood of all believers"- clergy not above others but M.L believed in hierachy = no social reformist
  • "A christian man is the most free lord of all and subject to none" (M.L on christian liberty 1520)
  • Cartoons - "cheap gin" (Scribner)
  • Luther wrote acedemically for the North, south different - agricultural 
  • 12 Articles - demands not theological but social, economical
    •  
      • Bad harvests in 1523
      • peasents are Villian
  • used luther
• M.L "freedom" from Rome
• 'Against the Murderous theiving hordes of peasents
• 1525 Battle of Frankenhousen 
  • no weapons  
  • All Princes destroyed them - 100,000 dead

Luther nieve 

• Lipzig debate 1519 with Eck - M.L agrees with Hus
  • Czech burnt for heresy 1400s
  • M.L agreed with anti-papalism and Sola fide
  • = HERETIC (takes one to know one)
• however didn't recant 1518 Cardinal Cajetan
  • reprentative of the papacy 
  • ML challenging penance and papal authority 
  • Made it clear to ML patience was running out, but ML "titanic" (Mullett)
• Challenged Doctrine
  • sola fide - no indulgences, priests 
  • Sola Scriptura - denying papal authority
•   had public support
  • ideas distributed - cartoons/printing press
  • 'priesthood of all believers'
• Lost revenue
• ML burnt Exsurge Domine 1520
  • Wrote 3 books that show why they excommunicated him
  • "Jubulee of freedom from centuries of catholic enslavement" (Mullett) 

• Mullett "Titanic"
  • got more important as ideas developed
• McCulloch: Lucky to have political support
  • There was an atmosphere of tense excitement
  • Inevitable
• Randell; man of conscience
• Cameron: "formidable intellect" but one of many
• Pettegree: Important up to 1521, becomes cantankerous
  • "he had already made his contribution by this time"

INTRO: 

• 1517 95 Theses 
  • Tell them about it (Tetzel etc)
  • Challenged doctine: said Indulgences 'voluntary not obligatory'-suggests Sola Fide 
• 1518 Rome finally reacts
  • Cardinal Cajetan, doesn't recant 
  • Lipzig debate with Johann Ek - Agrees with Hus = HERETIC
• Therefore 1520 excommunicated, Luther defient, Burns papal Bull
• 1521 Diet of Worms - protected by Princes - Fred's deal with Max - doesn't recant 
• Mullett "titanic", MacCulloch; lucky to be supported by princes  

1: Pettegree M.L influencial up to 1521

• Not key - other factors more importantant such as...
  • Pettegree "cantankerous"- counterintuitive
    • Marburg Colloquy 1529
  • Became political = Princes

• Princely reformation 
  • 1526 Diet of Spayer - retracted in 2nd Diet 1529
• Schmaldic League 1531 - rusult of lack of cooperation from Charles 
  • led by Phillip of Hesse + John Elector of Saxony
  • MacCulloch; "Most powerful protestant force in europe","inspired by religious zeal"
    • clarity of Lutheranism obteained at Diet of Augsburg 1530
  • defeated by Charles Battle of Muhlberg 1547 = Hollow victory = Ref not over 
• Charles relient on Princes - Turks + French - No army =1555 Peace of Augsburg
  • =SUCCESS gained by princes not Luther
  • MacCulloch; Small factor, Luck
  • Cameron agrees: Powerful interlect but one of many  
• CONCLUSION
• M.L key before 1521 - Pettegree - Already antichlericalism - M.L trigger
• Randell says man of conscience, couldn't sit back and let people be misled 
• M.L laid foundation for Princes to build on = put into political action 

INTRO:

• Invented 1450 in Mainz 
• "printing ended the scrbal corruption" Lotherington - originally R.C had control 
• Monks copied out, Printing Press = speed - 300,000 copies of M.L's works 1517-20
• Cartoons for illiterate peasents - Scribner
  • Literacy rate increasing- 5X people enroling at uni in 1500 than previous century
• MacCulloch says "atmosphere of tense excitment" causeed by reformation made reading to become a skill worth aquiring 
• spread of M.L books = spread of ideas = spread of reformation 

1: Princes 

• Printing press presented M.L's theology - supported desire for national independance 
  • 'Address to a Christian man' said Princes should replace Rome 
  • wanted money and power NOT theological like M.L
  • Princes brought M.L's ideas to political action - content of texts gets less important

• However printing allowed misinterpretations 
• Peasents consumed cartoons like "cheap gin" Scribner = War 1525
  • death of 100,000 - MacCulloch "no peasent army proved a longterm match for rained troops"
  • M.L. Against the murderous theiving hoardes of peasents 

2: Slow response of Pope and HRE - takes a year to send (1518) Cajetan 

• M.L used time to gain widespread support - works distributed  
  • 1521 Worms, if charles killed him = Martyr for cause = too late
• 1520 excommunicated after Lipzig debate 1519
  • WROTE - three key books - knew importantance of publishing ideas 
  • destroyed papal bull -Pope as ineffective as Charles

C: was key- spread M.L's ideas to the masses. but Reformation became political, ideas less important - Pettegree "he had already made his contribution" by 1521- therfore printing became less key. Hymns became more vital - MacCulloch "was not just impact of print but matter of the spoken and sung = Congregational appriciation 

INTRO: 1517 M.L. 95 Theses

• Appealled to Fred (Electorite of Saxony)
• Provoked by indulgences -  Fred already banned them from saxony (sold his own)
  • M.L's reasons theologiocal, Fred's economical/political
• Realised they could use M.L to gain independence- free germany from oppressive Rome
• MacCulloch: Luther lucky to have princely support
  • If not no safe passage to/from Diet of Worms 1521
  • Prince Fred deal with Max/
  • after kidnapped by fred - taken to Wartburg to translate bible
• However Pettegree believed M.L.'s importance ceased after 1521
  • beyond this point = Princely Reformation

1: Lutheranism success driven by nationalism- appealled to Germans

• Peasents War 1525
  • misunderstood - thought social change - 12 articles- crushed with support of ML

• 1526 Diet of Speyer 
  • some chose R.C showing that about political independance not faith
• 1529 Charles revokes decision 
  • 1531 Shmalkaldic League 
    • MacCulloch, "most powerful protestant force in europe"
  • however, Battle of Muhlburg 1547 defeated but PRINCES STILL HAVE POWER
    • need soldiers to fight Turks & France - spanish soldiers gone home
• Lutheranism too well established to be crushed, M.L's teachings embraced and were nolonger dependant on political leaders 
• Peace of Augsburg 1555 = VICTORY FOR PRINCES 
  • mullett says princes would be nothing without "titanic" M.L
  • cameron says M.L one of many, reformation inevitable due to other factors 

CONCLUSION: Princes allowed M.L's ideas to progress politically - other factors were necessary but without determination of princes the Peace of Augsburg may not have taken place

INTRO:

• 1521 Diet of Worms
  • MacC M.L's arrival triumphant prosession like Christ to Jeruselum = SUCCESS
  • why weak? -new -young -elected by princes -has to honour Fred's deal with Max
    • therfore WEAK = ruled by princes
• However gained successes 
  • Turks turned away from Viena 
  • French army of 2800 destroyed Battle of Pavia 1525 - Hapsburg Valois
    • Treaty of Canbrai 1529 = Peace 
  • 1529 Charles feels strong 
    • can go against Princes - 2nd Diet of Spayer - revokes 'cuis regio eius religio' 
  • Green "If his position abroad was weak, then his decisions would inevitably favour the German Protestants"

Points of Weakness

1: in Germany 

• Foreign - spoke Femish 
• Absent - Ferdinand ruled, young  
• 1521 Worms let M.L go 
  • Couldn't kill because had been too slow at responding so M.L Martyr 
• Princes are Nationalistic - want power
  • 2nd Diet of Spayer causes princely protest (& later Schmalkaldic League 1532)

2: In war

• Kinghts War 1522 - Challenged princely authority 
• Iconoclastic Riots 1521-22 & Peasents War 15245 
  • "crowds went gleefully smaching religous images" MacCulooch
  • "Cheap Gin" Scribner 
• Princes crushed all threats to hierachy - events that strenghen Princes, weaken Charles

CONCLUSION: weakness of Charles only part of success - M.L was "titanic" Mullett in 1517 - Pope and Charles slow response - Princely reformation, they controlled Charles