Globalisation, Work, Migration & Social Justice

Privatisation: 

• selling of public utliities often at less than market value: 

Deregulation (Liberalisation)

• economic liberalisation (open up of markets) 
• foreign imports may replace local goods and so destroy local business. 
• foreign direct investment
• provides investment and expertise for existing companies (cutting staff also.)
• allows branches of MNC to set up (impacts smaller local businesses.) 

Financial Liberalisation:

• Easier to invest and move money in out of country.
• Proivdes finance for loans and investments in the developemnt of new businesses. 

• Countries with developing economie offer cheaper labour, reduced tax and other incentives, including reduced regulations to TNCs.
• - allows goods and service to be produced more cheaply.
• - leads to more consumer choice and greater competition
• - technological innovation
• provides jobs and economic prosperity? 

Sharing in prosperity? 

• commodity chains (global value chains)"'
• - are economic networks linking firms, countries and industries. They span producers, distributors and consumers of goods, increasingly on a global scale. 
• (cohen and Edwards)

• the Apple logo and ipod has been one of the most successful products - through it is thought to be about to go into decline due to iphone and ipad.
• the ipod also introduces us to another type of consumption - immaterial products such as apss and digital downloads - exists only as data on itunes.

• Highly skilled paid jobs in developed economies.
• low skilled, low paid jobs in the developING economies. 
• increased employment of women and children: - paid less and easier to control and dispose of.
• increase in home working
• differnece in worker protection between those in developed and developing economies.
• pooerer countries still havily involved in producing food and raw materials for developed nations.
• lin ked to post-neo fordism which see developed nations exporting expertise and capital to developing countries where manufacturing takes place in places where wages are lower.

• some developing economies have been able to exploit the high skilled jobs such as in computer software development - Malaysia, singapore etc.
• state investment in education, plus have the advantage of english language.
• large rapidly developing economies moving into high value knowledge economy = Brazil, India, China etc.
• effet is argued to be an international merging of workers terms and conditions.

• some developing economies have been able to exploit the high skilled jobs such as in computer software development - Malaysia, singapore etc.
• state investment in education, plus have the advantage of english language.
• large rapidly developing economies moving into high value knowledge economy = Brazil, India, China etc.
• effet is argued to be an international merging of workers terms and conditions.

• flows from richer to poorer economies.
• also from developing economie to developed - e.g Tata and Samsung invest in wales and chinese compant bough rover. 
• most money flows between developed economie. 
• many of the high tech jobs in developing countries require little capital investment. e.g teleworking, software design.
• most money moving between countries is not productively inveted byt is based on speculation on currencie, commodities and shares (refferred to as 'casino capitalism'

• An alrernative form of global economic participation is in terms of global labour markets and the export of labour to areas where labout is scarce. 
• within countries - move from rural to urban areas.
• migrant flows between countries.

• 3% of world population (200 million) live outside of country of birth. Mostly economic migrants.
• increasing number of women migrants.
• 10-14million of them are refugees. 
• -escaping from war, famine, persecution. 
• migrant workers portrayed both as a 'vulnerable resource' and a threat' to local jobs and social stability. 

• Geo-political instability is a mjor driver of population movement as refugees.
• Iraq is a contemporary example where an exodus is underway- Afghanistan is another.
• Numbero f refugees and asylum seekers inrease to 12 million in 2005 11.5 million a year earlier.

• Geo-political instability is a mjor driver of population movement as refugees.
• Iraq is a contemporary example where an exodus is underway- Afghanistan is another.
• Numbero f refugees and asylum seekers inrease to 12 million in 2005 11.5 million a year earlier.

• Migration might be seen as a 'technology of the imagination ... an act through which people come to imagine better lives in other time or places' (Vigh 2009) 
• families separated leaving many women as heads of households with no male figure.
• increasing numbers of women migrants, often leabe children behing with other family members.
• Lonliness and stress and huge emotions for these people. 

• Migration might be seen as a 'technology of the imagination ... an act through which people come to imagine better lives in other time or places' (Vigh 2009) 
• families separated leaving many women as heads of households with no male figure.
• increasing numbers of women migrants, often leabe children behing with other family members.
• Lonliness and stress and huge emotions for these people. 

• work in a range of jobs from high skilled to manual work e.g:
• construction.
• Argiculture
• Care and cleaning
• hotels
• resturants 
• nursing Transport 
• Nanking and finance 
• company CEO etc 

• those in high skilled jobs may have good terms and conditions
• but the majority in manual or smi-skilled work they are likely to experience poor working conditions.
• Chinese factory workers forces to sleep among piles of doll parts as they churn out christmas presents.
• human rights campaigners have raise concerns over these chinese who man an estimated £150 a month 
• chinese factories produce 75% of the worlds toys 
• in china there are an estimated 8,000 factories employing 3.5million people.
• deaths from overwork are common in these factories, china dail estimates that 600,000 people are killed this way every year. 

• inside apples chinese 'sweatshop' factory where workers are paid just £1.12 an hour produce iphones and apple gadget for the west.
• factories covered in suicide nets to stop workers from leaping to their death 18 people have killed themselves at the facility.
• factor in Shenzhen
• the foxconn city complex factories, employ 235,000 workers and microsoft dell and hewlett packard project are also build on the site.
• last month 150 foxconn employees threatened to lead from a three-story building after claiming of poor pay and pressurised working conditions. 

• The annual total number of deaths in india community in Dubai has rises to 1,420 cases in 2008.
• many workers died in construction sit accidents due to lack of saftey measure, but suicide cases have also been a big part of the death rates.

• The annual total number of deaths in india community in Dubai has rises to 1,420 cases in 2008.
• many workers died in construction sit accidents due to lack of saftey measure, but suicide cases have also been a big part of the death rates.

POSITIVES:

• higher export generated income
• employment growth and consequent higher wages 
• tax revenue
• potential to reproduced inequality - if the social structure, political institutions and socia lpolices play a favourable role.
• Exposure to new technology leads to improve skills and productivity facilitating the upgraging of industry into more value added output. 

NEGATIVES:

• due to lack of controls on earning and profits inequality likely to increase
• relocation of manufacturing can have disruptive socail effect, including internal migration, little skill development in assembly plants.
• Need to attract FDI puts TNCs in strong position to negotiate/ impose poor labour standard and management practices. 

POSITIVES:

• higher export generated income
• employment growth and consequent higher wages 
• tax revenue
• potential to reproduced inequality - if the social structure, political institutions and socia lpolices play a favourable role.
• Exposure to new technology leads to improve skills and productivity facilitating the upgraging of industry into more value added output. 

NEGATIVES:

• due to lack of controls on earning and profits inequality likely to increase
• relocation of manufacturing can have disruptive socail effect, including internal migration, little skill development in assembly plants.
• Need to attract FDI puts TNCs in strong position to negotiate/ impose poor labour standard and management practices. 

POSITIVES:

• higher export generated income
• employment growth and consequent higher wages 
• tax revenue
• potential to reproduced inequality - if the social structure, political institutions and socia lpolices play a favourable role.
• Exposure to new technology leads to improve skills and productivity facilitating the upgraging of industry into more value added output. 

NEGATIVES:

• due to lack of controls on earning and profits inequality likely to increase
• relocation of manufacturing can have disruptive socail effect, including internal migration, little skill development in assembly plants.
• Need to attract FDI puts TNCs in strong position to negotiate/ impose poor labour standard and management practices.