Effects of Imprisonment

Police caution

Monetary fines

Direct compensation to victim or community

Service to community

Suspended prison sentences

Prison sentences

Making right what has been done wrong to the victim

Encouraging the offender to reflect upon harmful behaviours and accept the responsibility of committing the crime

Methods of reconciliation and mediation

Sometimes the process operates at the same time as the CJS

Prison was where those awaiting trial and punishment stayed

Men, women, children were imprisoned together, no matter what crime was committed

Lived in very poor conditions, including malnutrition, poor hygiene, disease and maltreatment  

Bloody Code era (due to sharply increased number of people given the death penalty, even for crimes considered minor by today's society)

Transportation to British Colonies

Hard labour

John Howard

Howard League of Penal Reform

Insisted on reforms such as…

Paid staff

Outside inspection

Men and women being separated

 Proper diet and food

Any other necessities for a healthy living

Imprisonment replaced capital punishment for serious offences

Prison Act 1898 abolished hard labour, stated that labour should be productive not harmful to health

Young people placed in separate establishments

1933 first open prison built

71% sentenced adult males

4% sentenced females

1% sentenced males aged 15-17

7% sentenced male aged 18-20

5% convicted without sentence

11% untried

1% non-criminal

Induction and assessment

Rehabilitation programmes

Education

Work

Resettlement

Recidivism rates UK 29.8% in April 2017 – June 2017 according to the National Office for Statistics

September 2011 showed 85 establishments were overcrowded

26 prisoners murdered, 11 by a cellmate 1990-2001

Anecdotal evidences suggests prison overcrowding can lead to an increase in reoffending

Crowding can produce psychological and physiological stress

115,000 offences committed in a prison 1996

7000 self-harm incidents

In 2010 there were 58 self-inflicted deaths, compared to in 2003 there were 94

More common in prison

Offenders entering prison have a heightened risk of attempting suicide

UK the average suicide rate is 2 per week (approx.)

US prison suicide is four times more likely than in the community

Deaths due to suicide are significantly higher in prison

Murder is rare within prisons in the UK

Since 2005 there have been only 16 homicides  in prison, compared to the USA which is approximately 10 times the amount

Deaths due to homicide or illness are significantly lower in prison

Introduced strategies to aid the problem of prison suicides

Reduce the amount of remand prisoners as well as those with mental illness

Attempt to avoid negative consequences for those who report suicidal thoughts

Enable and encourage staff to identify and assist prisoners with suicidal feelings

Reviewed 90 experimental studies

Found methodological flaws

Crowding, phase of sentence and peer groups all had an impact on the personal functioning

Deterioration results from poor adaptation to surroundings

Benign, passive and dependant personalities often adjust well

Indeterminant sentencing leads to adjustment issues