Earthquake Case Study Revision Cards

• 6.8 on Richter Scale.
• Focus 6 miles deep.
• 60 miles from Rome.
• African plate subducting under Eurasian plate.
• Aftershock continued for 2-3 days prior.

• £16bn total cost.
• 300 people dead.
• 65,000 made homeless due to poor medieval build quality.
• 88,000 unemployed.

• Italian government gave €30,000 in hardship grants to families totaling €2.4bn.
• At first they refused international aid. 
• Took emergency services a long time to get there as it's so remote.
• Recieved aid from EU as well as from national companies.

• Shock lasted less than one minute
• Formed on a strike-slip plate boundary.
• Epicentre is 15miles from capital.
• Magnitude 7 on Richter scale.
• Homes built on soft river sediment meant amplification occured.

• Est. 200,000 dead.
• Capital City Port au Prince left as rubbel
• Search & rescue limited to 24-48hrs
• 1.5million homeless.

• Buildings were quickly rebuild using concrete and steel to allow quick and cheap protection form hurricanes which arrive annually unlike earthquakes.
• Building investigations carried out to understand unsaved structures.

• North Antolian Fault, Turkey
• One earthquake triggers a series of other earthquakes.
• This is due to stress transfers along the same or a nearby fault.
• This can happen over an extended period of time.

• On the San-Andreas fault zone.
• A magnitude 6 earthquake every 20-30years with a grater frequency of smaller events.
• Localised variations due to rock type, fluidity, etc...
• SAFOD: (San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth) Located at Parkfield, the most monitored place on Earth, going 3km deep- it brings rocks to the surface to analyse them and see if stresses are in the rocks.
• Instruments it has are: A crrepmeter, 8 water wells, Electronic Distance mesures, geodlite and much more. 

• Underground Faults that dont break the surface.
• Inclined downwards at a steep angle.
• This occured in the 1994 Northridge earthquake- A 6.4 magnitude earthquake, epicentre 32km from downtown L.A. in San Francisco Valley. Caused 51deaths and 9,000 serious injuries.
• In L.A. the fault sharply bends West so crust is compressed to the North of ridge. There are a number of these E/W faults- one of these caused to Northridge earthquake.

1. Friction

2. Stick

3. Deformation

4. Slip

5. Seismic wave

6. Surface Rupture