Deviance

Deviance: behaviour that falls outside the norms or outside what is deemed to be acceptable

Positive deviance: behaviour that is outside the norm but with no intention to harm or break the rules - 'over conformity'

• Deviance but their actions are for positive reasons - striving to win/improve within rules
• over training leading to injury/competing with an injury
• over commitment to win
• unintentionally injures another player

Negative deviance: Behaviour that goes against societies norms and values - detrimental effect

• behaves in a way that knowingly/intentionally breaks the rules and ethics of sport
• intentionally breaking the rules
• fouling another player/violence/hooliganism
• doping
• match fixing

Aggressive behaviour may be caused by:

• genetic inheritance
• frustration - reaction to crowd
• loss of self-identity - follow reactions of crowd
• social learning - imitate actions of role models

Deviant acts may be caused by:

• Greater pressure from media/national expectation/media encourages copying of poor role models
• Increase in win at all cost attitude
• Caused an increase in gamesmanship – bending the rules
• Increase in -> doping/violent play/cheating/abusive language/match fixing/deviancy/prosecutions

• Campaigns to promote sportsmanship/Respect/Fairplay Awards/Sporting ethics promoted within schools/clubs/education
• Better officials/citing after game/better technology to help officials/fourth official
• Rules changed to promote fairplay
• (On the field) – penalties/sin bins/bookings
• (Off the field) – fines/bans
• Punish the club – deduct points/matches behind closed doors
• Positive role models/name and shame bad role models
• Codes of conduct for players/spectators
• Drug testing
• Prosecute violent play

• Display of masculinity
• Gang culture/sense of belonging/identity/peer pressure/tribalism
• Crowd mentality/loss of individual identity/diminished responsibility
• Nature of the sport i.e. football>tennis
• Alcohol/drugs
• Local rivalry/derby game/importance of the event
• Racism/nationalism/political groups/religion
• Adrenalin rush/excitement of violence/outlet for aggression
• Events during the match/reaction to players/referee decisions/current score/outcome of the event/final result
• Reaction of working class to middle class ‘taking-over’ the game
• Media hype
• Nature of the stadium/poor crowd control/poor security 

• Games played at specified time/kick-off times imposed by police
• Pubs banned from opening prior to game
• All seater stadiums/health & safety requirements
• Violent/racist individuals prosecuted
• Specific laws, eg trespassing on the pitch/field of play
• Individuals banned from grounds
• Individuals banned from travel abroad/passports confiscated
• Increased police/security at events/use of CCTV
• Players fined/prosecuted for inciting crowd violence/gestures to crowd/racist comments
• Police share information about known individuals
• Segregation of travelling fans 

• damages the ability to encourage children to come and watch
• children copy the behaviour at a lower level
• poor treatment of legitimate fans - herded, held in ground, treated with suspicion
• individual players may have career curtailed due to deliberate foul play
• individual players may have chance of international recognition damaged if team isn't allowed to play in an international comp
• huge cost in policing and stewarding matches
• reputation of the country can be damaged
• poor behaviour of fans can have an effect on national morale

Physiological reasons

• improve performance - able to compete at top level
• recovery from injury
• increased training capabilities - train harder for longer

Psychological reasons

• low self-confidence
• may be unaware they are taking them
• lack of moral and ethical boundaries
• lack psychological attributes to be at top without them
• 'everyone else is doing it' - pressure from coaches/teammates

Social reasons

• money/fame from being the best - high rewards
• unaware of long term health risks - poor guidance/educational programme
• ignorance/lack of knowledge

• continue development of testing/more rigorous testing 
• increase in out of competition no warning tests
• educate young performers - effects and consequences
• ensure performers are aware of what is allowed and not
• education on testing regime and athlete are responsible for their bodies
• more use of the law - increased bans/fines/prison
• remove medals/titles from drug cheats
• positive role models

For/advantages

• Uphold the traditions of sportcheats are caught/all competitors are equal/no unfair adv.
• Standard list of banned substances/same testing procedures/similar punishments
• Random tests are more effective/testing not limited by where the athlete is based
• Shared costs between all sports
• Performers not able to ‘pick and choose’ sports based on drug testing procedures/no basis for legal complaints of being unfairly treated

Against/disadvantages

• Difficult to get all countries/sports to agree
• Expensive/limited number of testing facilities/not available in all countries
• Testing can produce incorrect results/inconsistent results/difficult to keep up with new drugs
• Difficult to agree which PED should be included in banned lists
• Professionals have the right to decide on their own development needs
• Money used for testing could be used for education about dangers of drug taking

Against

• PEDs have damaging side effects
• if legalised then it is assumed you can't succeed without them - puts pressure on athletes
• cost element in developing/using PEDs - not a level playing field/not available for all
• unethical/cheating

For

• battle against drugs and testing regime are expensive/time consuming - money could be used to improve support for all performers
• detection of drugs is not always effective - varies country to country
• drug testers are always behind the chemists - athletes could use drugs undetected for a while
• nutritional supplements aren't banned and they have beneficial effect on performance
• PEDs lead to improved performance - new records/exciting spectacle

Performers

• employment rights and protection - contractual issues
• drug testing - performers have right to appeal against NGB/BOA sanctions
• match-fixing - prevention of betting on matches they are involved in
• equal opportunities legislation - disability/race discrimination

Officials

• referees have a duty of care - may be liable for a players injury
• allegations of bribery

Spectators

• must act within the law and with due regard for their own safety at that of others
• e.g. no pitch invaions/racist chants
• clubs have responsibility to fans to ensure helath and safety - all seater stadiums/controlled alcohol sales