CRITICAL APPROACHES
- Created by: ericab
- Created on: 13-05-19 18:19
FREUD - PSYCHOANALYSIS
UNHEIMLICH
"SOMETHING HAS TO BE ADDED"
FREUD
WHAT IS HEIMLICH COMES TO BE UNHEIMLICH. SUBSPECIES.
UNCANNY = VARIES PERSON 2 PERSON
SANDMAN (HOFFMAN)
- EYES, CASTRATION, SANDMAN = FATHER - INFANTILE FEAR (OR JUST RATIONAL)
- DOLLS - TOY STORY - "INFANTILE WISH"
DEVIL'S ELIXIR (HOFFMAN)
- DOUBLE
- = CHILDHOOD NARCISSM - VISION OF TERROR AS FALLEN GODS
+ QUICK SUCCESSION OF OCCURANCES
JENTSCH - PSYCHOANALYSIS
JENTSCH - BLAMES UNCANNY ON "INTELLECTUAL UNCERTAINTY" - "DOUBTS" AND "LIFELESS OBJECTS"
- THIS WOULD MAKE OLYMPIA THE DOLL THE SOURCE OF THE UNCANNY IN SANDMAN
SANDERS, GRIMM & SCHELLING- PSYCHOANALYSIS
DANIEL SANDERS (1860)
1) HEIMLICH - HOMELIKE, FRIENDLY, SECURE
2) HEIMLICH = CONCEALED, SECRET
UNHEIMLICH - EASY, EERIE
GRIMM'S DICTIONARY
6 - HEIMLICH = MYSTIC KNOWLEDGE
9 - SOMETHING HIDDEN OR DANGEROUS
COMES TO HAVE MEANING ASCRIBED TO HEIMLICH
SCHELLING
UNHEIMLICH = OUGHT TO HAVE REMAINED SECRET
DERRIDA - DECONSTRUCTIONISM
CLASSICAL THINKING:
STRUCT GIVES LANG A CENTRE TO ORIENT
IT ALLOWS FOR A SYSTEM FOR FREEPLAY AND STOPS FREEPLAY - THOUGHT OF A UNIQUE CENTRE - IMMOBILITY
CENTRE IS AT THE CENTRE OF TOTALITY BUT ISN'T TOTALITY'S CENTRE - THATS ELSEWHERE
REPETITIONS ARE TAKEN FROM A HISTORY OF MEANING
RAPTURE
CENTRE TRANSPORTED TO SURROGATE (DIFFERENCE?) - SURROGATE IS NEW - THEREFORE NO NATURAL LOCUS
SIGNIFIED ONLY PRESENT IN DIFFERANCE - A TRANSCENDENTAL SIGNIFIED = INFINATE INTERPLAY
DECONSTRUCTIONISM (DECENTRING)
CITED BY DERRIDA AS CAUSES
NIETZSCH
DECENTRING OF METAPHYSICS
FREUD
DECENTERING OF SELF
HEIDEGGER
DECENTERING OF ONTO-THEO (PRESENCE)
DECON - DERRIDA & METAPHYSICS
CANNOT DECONSTRUCT METAPHYSICS BCOS ALL OF OUR LANGUAGE IS IN THE SYSTEM
E.G. LEVI STRAUSS CANNOT PLACE HIMSELF @ BEGINNINGS OF SIGNS TO BE 'SENSIBLE AND INTELLIGIBLE' BCOS THEY IN THE SYSTEM
BUT WE CANNOT GIVE UP THE SIGN WITHOUT GIVING UP CRITICISM - IT DOES THIS:
2 WAYS TO ERASE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SIGNIFIER AND SIGNIFIED:
1) REDUCING ER - SIGN TO THOUGHT
2) QUESTIONING THE SYSTEM THAT PERFORMED ABOVE - "THE OPPOSITION IS PART OF THE SYSTEM"
FORMAL SCHEMA OF STRUCT - ETHNOLOGY (PEOPLES) - IT IS A CRITICISM FROM WITHIN THE SYSTEM - UNAVOIDABLE
LEVI-STRAUSS - NATURE AND CULTURE - THE INCEST-PROHIBITION
DECON - LEVI STRAUS' TECHNIQUE OF CRITIQUE
"LANGUAGE BEARS WITHIN ITSELF ITS OWN CRITIQUE" - DOUBLE INTENTION
1) QUESTION THE HISTORY OF CONCEPTS
2) USE CONCEPTS AS FLAWED TOOLS
BRICOLAGE
- WHEN WE REALISE EVERYTHING IS BRIC THE DIFFERENCE THAT DEFINES IT DECOMPOSES BRIC
THE MYTHOPOETICAL POWER OF BRICOLAGE CAUSES "THE ABANDONEMENT OF ALL REFERENCES TO A CENTRE"
- THE RAW AND THE COOKED - BORORO MYTH
- SECOND ORDER CODE
DESIRE FOR CENTRE = MYTH
L-S EASY TO CRITICISE BCOS OF EMPIRICALISM
MARXISM - ADORNO & HORKHEIMER
IDEOLOGY
ALTUSSER'S I/RSA - MANIPULATION AND RETROACTIVE NEED
TECH & STANDARDISATION ("DUMBED DOWN") - CONTROL OF INDIVIDUAL CONSCIOUSNESS . PRODUCERS - ORGANISATION FROM ABOVE - NO SPONTANEITY OR DIFFER FROM RULES - READY MADE CLICHES - STAR APPEAL AND SFX OVER QUALITY
FINANCIAL > ARTISTIC, CULTURAL MONOPOLIES > CONGLORERATES
CLAIMS OF SATISFICATION = HOT AIR
CATEGORY TURNED OUT FOR TYPE - ACCEPT
TV = GESAMTKINSTWERK = "TRIUMPT OF INVESTED CAPITAL"
ROBS INDIVID OF FUNCTION - COMMERCIAL AGENCIES = IMPRESSION OF COMMAND
MARXISM - ROMANTICISM/EXPRESSIONISM
THESE ART MOVEMENTS = DETAIL = FREE EXPRESSION AND PROTEST (THINK MODERNISM)
WHOLE WORLD MADE TO PASS THROUGH MEDIA FILTER
- HYPERREALITY AND PASSIVE AUDIENCES = NO QUESTIONING (JARGON OF MEDIA NORMALISED)
LATE CAPITALIST MEDIA = SAME AMOUNT OF WORK AS HIGH ART
CULTURE INDUSTRY = NEGATION OF STYLE - "DOMINANT FORMS OF GENERALITY"
INFERIOR WORK - RELIES ON SIMILARITY
OCCUPYING SENSES LEAVING AND RETURNING FACTORY
MARXISM - NO RESISTANCE
STRAYING FROM FORMULA = CONFIRMS VALIDITY OF SYSTEM
BRAND OF DEVIATION ABSORBED BY MEDIA, BELONGS, EXCLUSION OF THE NEW
THE LAG AND PLACES FREE - RESISTENCE
MARXISM - LOW VS HIGH
LIGHT ART = DISTRACTION - NO ACCESS TO BOUG CULTURE
ESCAPISM DOESNT WORK - AFTER IMAGES OF WORK - MECHANISATION - BORDOM
ENJOYMENT OF VIOLENCE TO CHARA = VIOLENCE TO VIEWER
PROMISES SPECTACLE, DOES NOT DELIEVER
FUN IS A MEDICINAL BATH
LAUGH = DERIDE, LAUGHTER = FRAUD OF HAPPINESS - LAUGH AND BE CONTENT WITH LAUGHTER
EROTICISM AND FREUDIAN CASTRATION
PLEASURE PROMOTS RESIGNATION
ADVERTISING = ELIXIR OF LIFE - POWER IN SAME HANDS, REP OF SOCIAL POWER, GOEBBELS
MORRETTI - GLOBAL LIT
GOETHE 1827 - BEGINNING - WELTLITETUR
COMP LIT = EUROPEAN
READING MORE NOT SOLUTION - COHEN - GREAT UNREAD
HYPOTHESIS OF NEW METHOD - G LIT = ONE & UNEQUAL - PERIPHERY CULTURE ALTERED BY CORE THAT IGNORES .... SO DISTANT READING??!!
CLOSE READING = SMALL CANON = SMALL BOOKS THAT MATTER
D READING = LARGER UNITS (THEMES, TROPES) - TEXT DISAPEARS
CASE STUDY OF THE NOVEL AS COMPROMISE
EXPERIEMENTS - WATCH METAMORPHESIS - LONG CHAIN
(JAMESON'S FUNDEMENTAL BINARY & SCWARZ'S FOREIGN DEBT)
TREE VS WAVE
STUART HALL - RACE
THOMPSON - FINAL COLONY OF BRITAIN = BRITAIN
OLD LOGIC OF ID - NOTION OF TRUE SELF - IMPOSSIBLE BCOS OF DECENTERING (MARX = NO CHOICE, FREUD = UNCONSCIOUS, SAUSSURE = LANGUAGE THERE BEFORE) + DISPLACEMENT OF WESTERN NARRATIVE AND MALE GAZE - THIS IS MODERNITY
EROSION OF "HOMGENIOUS" SOCIAL IDS
ID IS GENERATED THROUGH SPLITTING INTO OTHER - FROM PLACE ONE STANDS
FANON - "LOOK MAMA, A BLACK MAN" - TWO HISTORIES - POSSIBLE IN GLOBALISED WORLD?
HALL - SUGAR/TEA - ID = PEOPLE THE SAME = WRONG - FROM OTHER - AS A NARRATIVE
STUART HALL - RACE - POLITICS
POLITICS OF LOCAL TO BEAT OVERIDING GLOBAL? NO - BUT SOME
BLACK DIASPORA IN UK - WINDRUSH
GEN 1 THOUGHT THEY WERE GOING HOME - WHEN THEY STAYED, POLITICS OF RACISM ROSE, CAUSING ID POLITICS 1
- DEFENSIVE COLLECTIVE IDENTITY
- REDISCOVERY OF ROOTS
- THIS HOW THE MARGINS BEGIN TO SPEAK
START OF THE "BLACK" ID - NOT HEARD IN JAMACIA DESPITE STRAT - SELF RECOGNITION - BOB MARLEY - MUM & IMMIGRANTS - NOT TALKING ABOUT YOUR PAINT BOX - FAKE MULTICULTURALISM
MORE UNITES US THAN DIVIDES US (POC) - BUT BLACK SILENCES (ASIAN, GENDER, OUTSIDERS)
ENGLISHNESS IS BLACK (3 GEN = ALL 3)
MY BEAUTIFUL LAUNDRETTE
LOOMBA - EMPIRE - WHAT IS?
STUDIES = REVOLUTION
FORCIBLE TAKE OVER - NON CAPITALIST TO FUEL OWN CAPITALISM (PREVIOUSLY A TRANSHISTORICAL IMPULSE TO CONQUER)
COLONIALISM LEADS TO COMMUNISM? EXPLOITIVE BUT NECESSARY? MARX - ENGLAND = UNCONSCIOUS TOOL BRINGING ABOUT REVOLUTION
COLONIALISM = SCIENCE > SUPERSTITION
BRITISH EDU DISPATCH (1854, INDIA) - TEACH MARVELLOUS RESULTS OF EMPLOYMENT OF LABOUR AND CAPITAL
MARX - COMMODIES STAND IN FOR HUMAN. CESAIRE - THINGIFICATION
HAVES & HAVE NOT = RACE. FANON - BELONGING TO GROUPS BCOS OF RACE (RICH, POOR) - BUT RACIST W WC?
CESAIRE - PRIOR, AFRICA WAS COMMUNAL ETC
FANON - INFERIORITY COMPLEX - TACKLE ECONOMIC AND PSYCHOLOGICAL
LOOMBA - EMPIRE - GENDER
GENDERBLIND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
WOMEN'S OPPRESSION UNDER THEORISED BY MARX
LOOMBA - EMPIRE - IDEOLOGY 1
THE GERMAN IDEOLOGY, MARX & ENGELS - FALSE CON - CAMERA OBSCURA = OBJUSCATION & MISREO
REALITY = IDOELOGICAL - MONEY FOR VALUES - CAN YOU SEE TRUTH? SCIENCE
GEORG LUKAC - CLASS SITCH = BOUG - DISTORTED VIEW OF CAP, PRO = REAL - COGNITIVE SUPERIORITY (BUT DIFFERENT PEOPLE OF THE SAME CLASS SEE THINGS DIFFERENTLY?)
VOLOSINOV - ACCENTS
GRAMSCI - FAILED REVOLUTION - ECONOMICS ONLY CREATE CONDITIONS - IDEOLOGY = SOCIAL COHESION - DUAL CONSCIOUSNESS = RESISTANCE
IDEOLOGY COME TO BE BELIEVED IN - MACHIAVELLI POWER VIA FORCE AND FRUAD - IDEOLOGY PLAYS ON COMMON SENSE
STUART HALL - RACES & GROUPS IN ONE SYSTEM, RACISM INTERTWINED WITH CAPITALISM, NOT AN EFFECT
LOOMBA - EMPIRE - IDEOLOGY 2
ERROL LAWRENCE (USED GRAM) - POST WAR BRITAIN, RACISM = COMMON SENSE
NOT EVEN MOST REPRESSIVE HAVE CONSENT OF ALL
ALTHUSSER - INTERNALISED IDEOLOGY - FREUD = INTERPELLATED, IDEOLOGY OF APPAR - LACAN = POSITIONED - PERSONHOOD = FORMED IN IDEOLOGY (STRUCTURE OF MISRECOGNITION). LACAN - SUBJECT FORMATION VIA LANGUAGE
RELATIVE AUTONOMY FROM MATERIAL BASE - THEORY FAILS TO MAINTAIN DISTINCTION BETWEEN REP/LANG/CUL & MATERIAL/ECONOMIC
FOUCAULT - NO DISTINCT - LAWS OF CERTAIN CODES OF KNOWLEDGE - NO UTTERANCE UNDERTERMINSED (STRUCTURALISM) - DEATH OF THE AUTHOR (BARTHES)
LOOMBA - EMPIRE - STRUCT/DECON
SAUSSURE - ARBITARY er/ed - PRINCIPLE OF EXCLUSION
SOCIAL GROUPS MAKE SIGNS = IDEOLOGICAL
MACHEREY - NO SYSTEM THAT WILL WORK EVERYWHERE ALWAYS - IMPLIES TEXTS HAVE MEANINGS BEFORE WRITTEN
- TEXTS ONLY UNDERSTOOD IN CONTEXT OF UTTERANCE - DETERMINATE CONDITIONS
(DERRIDA) - DIFFERANCE IN CONTEXT OF COLONIALISM
ALL THEORISTS HERE = ARGAINST HUMANIST INTRINSIC ORIGIN OF MEANING, IDEOLOGY/SOCIAL PRACTISE = CONNECTED, CONSIDER OPPRESSION, CHALLENGE RIGID ACCOUNTS OF EVENTS
LOOMBA - EMPIRE - DISCOURSE
FOUCAULT (USED BY SAID) - MATERIAN MEDIUM - MADNESS STUDY - CATEGORY PRODUCED - SYSTEMS = ORDER OF DISCOURSE = TERRITORY ON WHICH KNOWLEDGE PRODUCED. DISCOURSE = DOMAIN IN WHICH LANG USED IN PARTICULAR WAYS ROOTED IN PRACTISES AND INSTITUTIONS
DISCURSIVE PRACTISES - DIFFICULT TO THINK OUTSIDE
CONTRADICT ITSELF - BUT SAME CONCEPTUAL ORDER - E.G. BURNING WIDOWS. HAYDEN WHITE - DISCOURSE CONSTITUTES WHAT WILL BE FACT AND THE MODE OF COMPREHENSION BEST
NOTION OF HISTORICAL, EVERYTHING - NOT UTTERANCE IS INNOCENT!! - HISTORY & TEXTUAL MEANING - FACT AND FICTION BLURRED
FEMINIST AND ANTI C CHALLENGES, POST STRUCT = SKEPTICAL - META NARRATIVES - DECENTRALISE THE HUMAN SUBJECT
FOUCAULT DENIES HIMSELF POLITICS - PROTO-ANARCHISM (HALL) - POWER IS EVERYWHERE SO NOWHERE - HARTSOCK - POSSIBLE TO THINK ABOUT CHALLENGE?
SAID - CRITICAL THEORY IGNORES IMPERIALISM.
STRUCTURALISM - SAUSSURE AND BARTHES
SIGNIFER + SIGNIFIED = SIGN (SAUSSURE) = MYTH (BARTHES)
NEVER COMPLETE REPRESENTATION
LANGUAGE IS SYCHRONIC NOT DIACHRONIC (S)
PARADIGMATIC AND SYNTAGMATIC AXIS (S)
DIFFERENCES (S)
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