British Depth Study

• Low life expectancy
• Large families
• High crime rates
• Malnutrition

• Raised awareness of poverty in East End
• Religious
• Missionary
• Photographs shown at meetings, etc.

• Successful businessman
• Wanted to see if reports were true
• Poverty worse than he expected
• Showed 30% of people living below poverty line

• York
• Social Reformer
• 1901, published book "Poverty; A Study of Town Life"
• Wanted to insight reform through statistics
• Poverty caused by old age, illness, etc.
• York, 27% below poverty line
• Shocked people

• New attitudes - not fault of poor
• Boer War - 50% volunteers unfit for service
• Industry challenged by USA and Germany - Bismarck's welfare programme
• Lloyd George and Churchill both supported reforms
• Wanted to show difference from Conservatives

• Allowed (not forced) local governments to provide free meals
• By 1914, 14 million meals served
• 50% governments set up programme

• Optional local authorities
• Check ups, no treatment
• 1912 - extended to provide treatment

• Children and Young Person's Act
• Protected status
• Prosecution for neglect
• Illegal to insure child's life
• U14 not in pubs or pawnbrokers, U16 no cigarettes
• Juvenile prisons and courts

Positives

• 5 shillings a week for single, 6 for married couple (over 70s)
• 80,000 no longer claimed poor relief
• 650,000 in 1st year
• Non-contributary (from state only)

Negatives

• Had to be working for 20 years prior
• Life expectancy 45 for poor
• Evidence needed
• Not for lunatics, convicts or alcoholics 10 years prior

• 1913 - 3,000 given work everyday (not permament work)

• 16 to 70 yrs had to join health scheme
• Worker paid 4d a week, employer 3d, state 2d
• Free medical attention
• 26 weeks sick pay of 10 shillings

• Conservatives - costs
• Doctors - health insurance
• No National Insurance Benefits to widows
• Workers - pay deductions
• Labour - thought benefits should come from taxes of upper class
• Wealthy - disliked 1908 budget

• Domestic issues affected women
• Other countries had women's suffrage
• Pay tax
• Better education than before - interested and capable
• Moral voice, churchgoers - "Spines of the Nation"
• Vote locally already

• Protection from corruption of politics
• Husbands already take wife's view into account when voting
• Emotional
• More women would vote than men
• Politics = men's sphere
• Do not fight in war

• Queen Victoria
• PM Asquith

• Suffragists
• Millicent Fawcett
• 1897, 500 branches
• 1900, Liberal support
• Debates
• Leaflets
• Petitions
• Questioning
• Liberals, some Conservatives, middle class women supported

• Suffragettes
• Emeline Pankhurst
• Founded in 1903
• 1908 - campaign intensified and became vocal
• Speeches
• Protests
• Crowd rush
• Harassment
• Stoning
• Disruption
• Marches
• Sympathetic public, outspoken women supported

• Promised votes for women
• Suffragettes suspended all militant action
• Earned highest ever majority (167) in Parliament
• Asquith dropped bill
• BOTH GROUPS FURIOUS

• Deputation to see PM
• Supported Labour
• Peaceful pilgrimage from Carlisle to London
• Free membership to working women

• Escalated violence - smashed windows, burnt post boxes, cut telephone wires
• Hunger strike in prison
• Posters of degrading of women through force feeding

• 1913
• Hunger strikers released from prison
• Then re-arrested once healthy
• Stopped deaths in prison

• 40,000 magazines in circulation
• Attention through admiration and sympathy through bravery
• Violence alienated cause
• Many left to join Suffragists
• 2000 members (small)
• Prison
• After 1911, Parliament against suffrage

• Over 50 branches, 100,000 members
• Much publicity
• Crowds of 20,000+
• People liked non militant attitude
• Good links with labour

• 4th June 1913, Epsom Derby
• Prison 9 times for suffragette campaign
• Martyrdom
• Tried to put banner on King's horse, hit and killed

• Women's Land Army (250,000 women)
• Did 'male' jobs
• Dangerous work

• Food, fuel, labour shortages
• Fear of invasion, death, espionage
• Rising prices, lower production
• Censorship

Methods

• Cinema, radio, newspapers
• Leaflets, posters
• Peer pressure
• Order of the White feather
• Speeches

Techniques

• Pay
• Experience, adventure
• Glorification
• Respect
• Anger/vengeance
• Camaraderie
• Guilt
• Patriotism

• Service to country
• Dead and wounded replaced
• 1915, numbers of volunteers dropped rapidly
• 1916, volunteers at lowest

• Religions against violence
• Other workers still part of war effort
• Shortages of some labour, eg miners
• Sent to deaths
• People discouraged by deaths

• Defence of the Realm Act
• Government secrets
• Spies
• Civilian safety
• Morale
• Food and resources

• No kite flying
• No bread fed to animals
• Binoculars prohibited
• No bonfires
• Goverment can seize any land or factory

• 1 in 4 merchant ships sunk
• 6 weeks of wheat left
• Prices rose, only affordable by rich

• Raised wages
• Rationing - sugar, butter, meat, beer
• Controlled bread prices

• 1915
• Training with sticks as not enough rifles
• Shortage of shells
• Lloyd George became Minister of Munitions
• Coalition
• Huge strikes
• Firms supplying government did well, not workers

• Books/films
• Negative portrayal of enemy
• Public addresses
• Good News Only
• Censored letters
• Royals set example
• Toys and games that encouraged war

• 20,000 female clerks
• Order of the White feather
• 800,000 in engineering jobs
• Dangerous work
• Salvation Army - to France as nurses, cooks, etc.

• 1917 - all males over 21 gained right to vote
• Women over 30 who were housholders or married to one (9 million)
• Women could stand for Parliament
• Full voting rights in 1928