Biology Unit One

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  Blood is carried from the heart to all body parts in vessels called arteries.
• Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against artery walls.
• Blood pressure is at its highest when the heart beat. ( Systollic Pressure).
• Between heart beats the blood pressure falls. (Diastollic Pressure).

High Blood Pressure Problems

• Burst blood vessels
• Damage to the brain
• Strokes
• Kindney damage

Low Blood Pressure Problems

• Dizziness
• Fainting
• Poor Circulation

Breathing and Respiration

•  B =Inhaling air and exhaling unwanted gases e.g carbon dioxide.
• R =A series of reactions releasing enegry.

Aerobic Respiration

• Releasing energy from sugar and oxygen. This takes place in every cell.
• Glucose + Oxygen --- Carbon dioxide + water + ENERGY
• ( C6H6O6 + 6O2 --- 6CO2 + 6H2O +  ENERGY )

Anaerobic Respiration

• When our muscles respire without oxyegen, they make lactic acid.
• Glucose ---- lactic acid + ENERGY
• Lactic acid= oxygen + lactic acid ---- water + carbon dioxide.

Disease

• Pathogen= Bacteria, Fungi & Viruses
• Deficencies= Vitamins, minerals & Food

Infectious & Non Infectious diseases

• Infectious= disease can be spread by conact with someone who has it.
• Non Infectious=disease cannot be caught.

Pathogens

• Caused by micro-oraganisms  &  Each pathogen has its own antigen
• Damage cells and produces toxins (poisons)

Antibiotics

• Perscribed by a doctor & destroys bacterial and fungi diseases but not viruses

Antigens

• Any foreign substance that enters the body.
• Can be harmless e.g pollen grains
• Can be harmfull e.g pathogens

Antibodies

• Responds by making the white blood cells produce antibodies
• Different antibodies made for each antigen
• Antibody locks on to antigen and kills pathogen

White Blood Cells

• B lymphocytes are white blood cells that make antibodies

Immunisation

• Injecting a harmless disease into body to engourage making antibodies

Definition:

• A chemical that affects the body.

Class A 

• Examples: Cocaine, heroin, LSD, ecstacy, mescalin
• Dealer= life in prison and/or unlimited fine Taker= up to 7 years in prison 

Class B

• Examples: Ritalin, amphetamins, methadrone, barbituits
• Dealer= up to 14 year in prison Taker= up to 5 years in prison

Class C

• Examples: Canabis, Tamazapine
• Dealer= up to 14 years in prison Taker= up to 2 years in prison

The Eye

• Detects sight/light
• It is protected by the bony socket, tear ducts and eye lashes

The iris changes shape because of 2 sets of muscles:

• Iris contracted - circular muscles contract
• Iris contracted - radial muscles contract  

Accomodation

• When the eye adjusts to focus on object at different distances.

Homoeostasis

• Maintaining a constant internal environment too allow cells and enzymes to work at an optimum rate.

Blood sugar levels

• Too much sugar in blood - the pancreas secretes the hormone insulin
• Insulin goes to liver, the liver changes surplus sugar into glucogen (carbohydrate )
• Blood delivers correct amount of sugar to cells to use as energy

Type 1 & 2 diabetes

• 1 =Occurs genetically- immune system destroys cells in pancreas that make insulin- controlled with insulin injections, exercise and balanced diet.
• 2 =Occurs when bodies cells don't respond to insulin