AQA A2 Sociology Unit 4 - Crime and Deviance - Social Groups
- Created by: Amy
- Created on: 04-05-14 16:05
Ethnicity
High number of arrests in black population are due to;
Police racism
- Bowling and Phillips - Racial stereotyping - can't identify more likely to say it's a black person
- Graham & Bowiling - Rates of offending are the same
- Criticism - Jones & Singer - Blacks are 3.6x more likely to be arrested
- Racism in society = racism in the police
- Robert Riener - Canteen Culture - 6x more likely to be stopped and searched
Large number in the cohort ( make up 2.1% of pop, 19% of prision pop)
- Fitzgerald et al - overrepresentation of 14-25 yr olds in age bracket
- Many crimes are interacial - 42%
Economically Disadvantaged
- Mayhew et al - Poor background and lower income
- Lea and Young - Left realists - socialisation and low income = criminal subcultures
- Philippe Bourgios - Illegal migrants - alternative economy
Masculinity
Meserschimdt - gender identity is vital for a sense of self, masculinity is earnt
Hedgemonic Masculinity - Dominant type, payed employment, hetrosexual, subordination of women, uncontrollable sexuality
Subordinate Masculinity - Ethnic minorities, lower class, homosexuals - no hedgemonic
Crime masculinity and youth
- demonstates HM through academic success, even though this gives authority to the teacher
- Assert masculinity through minor deviance and sporting achievements
- White working class males - assert masculinity through aggression and deviance
- Lower class ethnic minorities - masculinity through street gangs
- Ethinicity and Masculinity - lack resources for HM - Subordinate Masculinity
- Social class and masculinity - middle class use crime to express masculinity
Masculinity part Two
Evaluations
- Most men aspire to HM = denies the idea that maleness is complexed
- Meserschimdt - uses masculinity to explain every crime (Collier - Idea streched too far)
The Crisis in Masculinity
- Young and Cambell - unemployment in places were physical labour was strong = now facing crisis in masculinity ( desk job is not masculine enough)
Hobbs et al - Night time economy (bouncers)
Assert masculinity through Joy riding
- Cambell - consumer society, high performance cars are associated with power (police chases)
Gender
Heidensohn
- Men commit more crime
- Men commit more serious offences
- Men are more likely to reoffend
Females are more likely to be offenders of domestic violence and child abuse
Smart - Male stream criminology (all male based)
- Sex Role Theory - Sutherland - Genders are socialised differently (Boys risk takers)
- Sex Role Theory - Parsons - Boys adopt a masculine identity
- Sex Role Theory - Cohen - Boys without fathers look for toughness in role models
Evaluations
- Not biologically based but due to social contruct
- Parsons sees women as biologically adapted to nurturing role
Gender part Two
Female crime and Rational Choice - Carlen
- Female crimes = of the powerless
- Often in poverty
- Harshly supervised and abusive fathers
- domaince of male partner
Conformity and control - Heidensohn - Womens ability to conform
( Doubly deviant, against law and social norms)
Beyond the home - Freedom deviates from social norms, sexual harrasment, control by men
Women are socialised to conform - supervised more strictly and have higher expectations
Evaluations
- Combines rational choice and conformity
- Naffine - women passively accept situation they are in
- The Chivalry Thesis - Hood - Treated differently as they have more to loose
Social Distribution of crime
Working class males are highly represented with only 8% from non manual backgrounds
Strain Theory - Merton - Most disadvantaged can't achieve legitimately
Social deprivation - Young - Marginalisation, poorest have low social bonds with society
Control theory - Agencies of social control are less effective than family or peers
Rational choice theory - Clarke - Benefits outway the costs
Subcultural theory - Cohen, Miller, Cloward and Ohlin - Status Frustration
Labelling - Becker - Stereotyping by the police ( Chambliss - Saints and Roughnecks)
The Underclass - Murray - Lose morals and culture of dependancy
Marxists - W/C commit more detectable crimes, white collar is hard to punish
- Crimes by other social groups are undetected (exaggeration of W/C crime)
- doesn't explain why all W/C don't commit crime
- Lot of crime is unreported
Age and Crime
Peak age for crimes are 15-18
Youths history of deviance - Razor Gangs 1920's - Mods and Rockers 1960 - Gangs 2000
Roe and Ashe - 22% of 10-25 year olds admitted to commiting to core offences (boredom)
Cohen - Status Frustration - Peers provide and identity which they don't gain in family or school
Miller - Focal Concerns - Toughness,Smartness,Excitement,Fatalism,Autonomy,Trouble
Katz - Edgework - Thrill seekers and persuation = masculinity
Control theory - Weakened social bonds and peer approval
Matza - Drift theory - Drift into and out of gangs (Techniques of Neutalisation)
Police stereotyping of youths - Youths caught are reprimanded
Crime and Locality
Shaw and McKay - Zonal Hypothesis
- Zone 2 closest to the city had the highest amount of crime due to social disorganisation.
- This had high population turnover = subcultures
Cultural Transition - Deviancy passed on to genorations
Sutherland & Cressy - Criticism
- Can't have cultural transition or form subcultures as they are not in the place long enough
- Have differential assocaition - Associate with law breakers
Evaluations
- Ignores the idea of choice
- Unclear on how subcultures are formed
Marshall and Johnson - Close knit rural communities - low crime
Morris - Tipping areas - housing problems = tiped into one area (James Turner Street)
Crime and Locality part Two
Brantingham & Brantingham 1995
- Urban areas are more likley to be crime genorating as crime attracting
Felson & Clarke - Opportunity Theory
- Stopping crime = limit the opportunities
Important policing stratagies = Situational Crime Prevention
- For Theft - Tagging and Marking to make them hard to steal
- For Violence - Plastic cups and CCTV
Privatisation of Public Spaces - Shearing and Stenning
- Private security firms and bouncers banish undesireables
- Leads to a displacement of crime
Victimology
Victims of crime - helps detect offenders and identity those most likely to be victims
Patterns - Age, Ethnicity, Class, Poor, teenagers and the elderly have a 1 in 4 chance
Repeat Victimisation - 60% of people have been a victim of crime
Impact of Victimisation
- Physical or Emotional harms
- Secondary victimisation - treated badly by CJS
- Fear of Victimisation - Women fear it more than men
Positivist victimology - Miers ( Victims Proneness to crime)
- Patterns of victimisation, interpersonal crimes of violence, identify victims that have contributed to their own victimisation,
Criticial Victimisation = based on a conflict theory
- Structural factors - Patriarchal and poverty place women and the poor at a greater risk
Criticisms - ignores victims that are unaware of their victimisation
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