3.3.c Makoko, Lagos & New York City

Makoko, Lagos

• Largest City in Nigeria
• Financial capital for Africa
• 21 million inhabitants
• Conurbation
• Largest slum, 86,000 slum houses with 30,000 on stilts

NYC

• 303,000 square miles
• 8.6 million people
• 5 boroughs - Manhattan, Brooklyn, Bronx, Staten Island & Queens

Housing

• Dozens of slums destroyed by the government to build a waterfront
• Rapid urbanisation has led to cramped conditions
• 10,000 tonnes of waste per day
• Over 50% below the poverty line
• 85% Rent, not own

Environmental Quality

• Rotting waste pollutes the water
• Unregulated vehicles have awful emissions
• Workers and kids easily become sick

Crime Rates

• Very little government support
• 'Area boys' try to stop and prevent crime - volunteers
• Deprived

Education

• Too many children
• Lack of access to schools
• Small schools were easily destroyed by storm events
• thousands want to go to school but are unable to

Healthcare

• The river is used for toilets and rubbish
• Too many people to have appropriate, effective healthcare services
• Toxic fumes from waste
• Generators are bad for health
• Illness due to pollution
• 2% have access to clean water

Housing

• The median price for an apartment in Manhatten is $1 million
• Limited housing for space so areas are built up vertically

Environmental quality

• 28% of taxis are hybrid
• 200,000 cyclists every day
• Multiple green energy offices
• Aiming for an 80% decrease in emissions by 2050

Crime rates

• 35,000 police officers
• Violent crime has decreased by 75% since the '90s
• 3.9 murders per 100,000

Education

• 1,700 schools
• 1.1 million students

Healthcare

• Expensive but available to everyone
• 1.4 million patients yearly
• $6.7 billion in revenue yearly
• 61 hospitals

Income Variation

• The main income is fishing
• Primary sector jobs
• Lack of access to skills for better jobs

Access and quality of healthcare variation

• Nearest healthcare available is in Lagos
• Far and expensive for transport
• Healthcare is often not affordable

Variation of access and quality of education

• Tried to make schools on stilts but storms easily wiped out the weak schools
• Many cannot access education

How do demographic factors influence social inequality

• White, American expats take the highly skilled jobs
• Poor locals are left behind without skills
• Possible racism

Variation of technology

• Banana Island has strong, stable electricity paid for by the government
• Makoko has to use old, unstable, dangerous and polluting generators which make many of Makoko's inhabitants unwell

Income variation

• Gini coefficient of 0.6 in Manhattan
• Average salary is $140,000
• 103 billionaires
• 4.6% are millionaires

Access and quality of healthcare variation

• Health insurance can be expensive
• Everyone has access to healthcare
• Hospitals are never too far away

Variation and quality of education

• Everyone has access to education
• Special schools with access to specif skill training
• Universities such as New York University

How do demographic factors influence social inequality

• 44% White
• 25.5% Black
• 12.7% Asian
• White people in NYC have a slightly higher median salary within Manhattan

Variation of technology

• Extremely advanced technology is available to anybody with the money to pay for it
• Stable and strong electricity across the whole of NYC

Work-life

• Most have low-paying primary jobs such as fishing
• often hard work
• Often long hours
• Expats work tertiary jobs with fewer hours for more money

Social hours

• Discrimination, often against black people in poverty
• White Americans have secure private roads
• Makoko inhabitants have slum housing on stilts with no security causing unsafe living environments for families

Family life

• Parents are often away working long hours
• Children aren't at school and so they are stuck in the cycle of deprivation

Work-life

• Lower-income people may have to commute from further away as the accommodation is cheaper, however, they spend more money and time on public transport than those earning larger salaries
• The richest are able to live in Central Manhattan saving them time and money from transport

Social life

• Still dirty air due to pollution by the millions of vehicles
• This can have large impacts on quality of life
• Not many parks due to urbanisation

Family life

• The amount of crime can scare young families deterring them from migrating to New York City
• This is particularly common in young families