Topic 5 specification support Biology B

Know that cellular respiration yields ATP which is used as a source of energy for metabolic reactions, and the process also generates heat.

GlycolysisUnderstand the conversion of monosaccharides to pyruvate during glycolysis in the cytoplasm, including: ● the phosphorylation of hexose molecules by ATP ● breakdown to glycerate 3-phosphate (GP) ● production of reduced coenzyme (NADH) and ATP (details of intermediate compounds and other reactions are not required). 

Link ReactionKnow that the link reaction and Krebs cycle take place in the mitochondrial matrix. ii Understand that during the complete oxidation of pyruvate the events of the link reaction and the Krebs cycle result in the removal of carbon atoms to produce: ● carbon dioxide ● reduced coenzyme (NADH) ● ATP (detailed knowledge of the intermediate compounds in the Krebs cycle is not required).  

The Krebs cycle

The Electron Transport ChainOxidative phosphorylation i Know that the electron transport chain takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane. ii Understand the role of the electron transport chain in generating ATP (oxidative phosphorylation). iii Understand the role of oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor forming water. iv Understand how ATP is synthesised by chemiosmosis. v Understand the importance of mitochondrial membranes in this process. 

Anaerobic respiration i Know that anaerobic respiration is the partial breakdown of hexoses to produce a limited yield of ATP in the absence of oxygen. ii Understand the difference in ATP yields from one molecule of hexose sugar in aerobic conditions compared with anaerobic conditions. iii Understand how lactate as a by-product of anaerobic respiration affects mammalian muscle contraction. iv Understand how anaerobic respiration in plants results in ethanol formation. CORE PRACTICAL 9: Investigate factors affecting the rate of aerobic or anaerobic respiration using a respirometer, taking into account the safe and ethical use of organisms. 

Photosynthetic pigments i Understand what is meant by absorption and action spectra. CORE PRACTICAL 10: Investigate the effects of different wavelengths of light on the rate of photosynthesis.  ii Understand why many plants have a variety of different photosynthetic pigments. CORE PRACTICAL 11: Investigate the presence of different chloroplast pigments using chromatography. 

Photosynthesis i Know the structure of chloroplasts, including: envelope, stroma, grana and lamellar structure. 

Light-dependent stage: ii Understand the role of the thylakoid membranes in the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis.  iii Understand that the processes of cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation result in the production of reduced NADP, ATP and oxygen

Light-independent stage: iv Understand the role of the stroma in the light-independent stage of photosynthesis. v Understand how carbon dioxide is fixed by combination with 5C ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) to form glycerate 3-phosphate (GP) using the enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RUBISCO). vi Understand how reduced NADP and ATP from the light-dependent stage are used: ● to synthesise glyceraldehyde phosphate (GALP) from GP ● to regenerate 5C ribulose bisphosphate in the Calvin cycle (details of intermediate compounds are not required).  vii Understand how GALP is used as a raw material in the production of monosaccharides, amino acids and other molecules. viii Understand the factors that limit photosynthesis including carbon dioxide, light intensity and temperature.