UK physical landscape

?
  • Created by: 03Louise
  • Created on: 04-02-18 14:55
View mindmap
  • UK physical landscape
    • Coastal
      • Weathering
        • Mechanical weathering
          • Freeze-thaw weathering
            • Water gets into cracks in rocks-water freezes and expands increasing pressure- thaws releasing pressure- this causes the crack to widen
        • Chemical weathering
          • Breaking down rock by changing its chemical composition
            • Carbonation weathering
              • CO2 is dissolved in rain water making it slightly acidic which reacts with certain types of rock
      • Transportation processes
        • Rivers
        • Saltation
          • Bounced
        • Traction
          • Rolled
        • Suspension
          • Lifted
        • Solution
          • Absorbed
      • Mass movement
        • Slides
          • Shifts with rotation
        • Slumps
          • Shifts in in a straight line
        • Rockfalls
          • Breaks up and falls
      • Coastal landforms
        • Wave-cut platforms
          • Waves erode rock at the foot of the cliff
            • The notch causes the cliff to become unstable and there fore collapses
              • Material is cleared and the process starts again
        • Headlands and bays
          • Caused by soft rock and hard rock being next to each other
            • The less resistant rock is eroded easier
              • This leaves a headland made of hard rock jutting out
        • Caves, arches and stackes
          • Formed from headlands
            • Hydraulic power and abrasion erodes the headland
              • This creates cracks and then creates a cave
                • Erosion makes the cave deeper until it goes through the headland-creating an arch
      • Deposition
        • Creates beaches
        • Longshore drift
          • When the swash brings up material at an angle and it returns to the sea (backwash) at a right-angle. This causes material to move along the beach
            • Landforms
              • Spits
                • Occur at a sharp bend in the coast line, longshore drift still goes on.
                  • Strong winds/waves can cause the end to curve which creates a sheltered area which can become a mud flat or salt marsh
              • Bars
                • When a spit joins two headlands together
                  • The bay then becomes a lagoon
              • Tombolo
                • When a spit joins onto an island
              • Sand dunes
                • When sand is moved up the beach by wind
                  • Obstacles like driftwood cause the sand to be deposited
                    • Vegetation grows on the sand stabilizing it forming an embryo dune
      • Management strategies
        • Hard engineering
          • Sea wall
            • Concrete wall reflects waves
              • Prevents erosion and flooding
              • Backwash becomes stronger and erodes underneath the wall
              • Expensive to build and mantain
          • Gabions
            • Wire cages containing rocks
              • Absorb wave energy
              • Cheap and easy to build
              • Ugly and the wire can corrode
          • Rock armour
            • Boulders piled up
              • Absorb wave energy- reduce erosion and flooding
              • Fairly cheap
              • Can be moved by strong waves so need to be replaced
          • Groynes
            • Wooden or stone frences
              • Create wider beaches and slow waves which creates protection from erosion and flooding
              • Fairly cheap
              • Can starve beaches further down-causing that beach problems
            • Longshore drift
              • When the swash brings up material at an angle and it returns to the sea (backwash) at a right-angle. This causes material to move along the beach
                • Landforms
                  • Spits
                    • Occur at a sharp bend in the coast line, longshore drift still goes on.
                      • Strong winds/waves can cause the end to curve which creates a sheltered area which can become a mud flat or salt marsh
                  • Bars
                    • When a spit joins two headlands together
                      • The bay then becomes a lagoon
                  • Tombolo
                    • When a spit joins onto an island
                  • Sand dunes
                    • When sand is moved up the beach by wind
                      • Obstacles like driftwood cause the sand to be deposited
                        • Vegetation grows on the sand stabilizing it forming an embryo dune
        • Soft engineering
          • Beach nourishment and re-profiling
            • Adding material
              • Creates wider beaches and slows waves
              • Taking material from the sea bed can kill organisms
              • Expensive
          • Dune regeneration
            • Creating/ restoring sand dunes
              • Provide a barrier- absorbs wave energy
              • Cheap
              • Limited to a small area
              • Nourishment is very expensive
          • Managed retreat
            • Letting land erode
              • Cheap and easy
              • Creates marshland habitat
              • Can cause conflict, flooding farmland, losing habitats
      • Case study
        • Holderness coast
          • Retreating
          • Cliffs made from soft, easily eroded clay
          • Longshore drift
          • 1.8 m of land is lost a year to the sea
            • Some places it's over 10 m a year
          • Hard engineering is used
            • Over 11km
            • Protect towns and villages- Hornsea (population 8000+) , Withernsea (6000+)
            • Protect important infrastructure
            • Gas terminal supplies 25% of gas in the UK  is on the edge of the cliff
          • Protected by rock armour and groynes
            • Hard engineering is used
              • Over 11km
              • Protect towns and villages- Hornsea (population 8000+) , Withernsea (6000+)
              • Protect important infrastructure
              • Gas terminal supplies 25% of gas in the UK  is on the edge of the cliff
            • Untitled
    • Rivers

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Geography resources:

See all Geography resources »See all Water and rivers resources »