Types of Language Change
Types of langauge change and definitions
- Created by: Jessica
- Created on: 06-05-14 16:17
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- Types of Change
- Semantic Change - the meaning and connotations of words
- Broadening = a word gains additional meaning
- Narrowing = a word that loses meaning
- Amelioration = meaning gets better/positive
- Pejoration = meaning gets worse/negative
- Weakening = a word that loses force
- Euphemism = soften something offensive
- Political correctness = e.g. Black - African American
- Lexical Change - new words and words changing spelling etc.
- Neologism = a new word e.g. chav
- Borrowing = borrow words from other countries and languages
- Coinage = a brand new word
- Affixing = "sh-amazing" - Nicole Sherzinger
- Compounding = 2 whole words, e.g. lap-top
- Blending = parts of words, e.g.motel, motorway hotel
- Abbreviation = "brill", brilliant
- Acronyms = initials to be read as a word
- Archaism = a word that has died out
- Ephemeral = a word that comes and goes quickly
- Orthography = spelling
- Grammatical Change - word types, tense and word order
- Syntax = word order
- Pronouns = words that replace nouns
- Double negatives = 2 negatives together
- Split infinitives = "to boldly go"
- Inflectional suffix = doesn't change word class
- Derivational suffix = changes word class e.g. "I love you", love is verb, "you are loveable", loveable is adjective
- Phonological Change
- The Great Vowel Shift
- Divergence vs Convergence (Labov's Martha's Vineyard, broaden accents, diverged. Diverge = move away, Converge = move towards.)
- Trudgill and -ing in Norwich= men drop the 'g' more than women
- Jean Aitchison and glottal stops = drop the 't'
- Australian upward inflection = everything is a question
- Omission = missing words, "going shop"
- Discourse
- Introduction
- Terms of address
- Discourse markers
- Parallelism
- Repetition
- Anecdotes
- Conclusion
- Graphology
- Initial = A traditional form of decoration before printing methods evolved
- The long S = developed in the 17th century, died out in the 19th century due to confusion with the modern 'f'.
- Excessive use of capital letters = used for any words the writer chose to emphasise
- Serif font style = style of having a fine stroke attached to the top and bottom of each letter. Changed to sans-serif, font styles became more fashionable, still used but only to create a traditional look.
- Semantic Change - the meaning and connotations of words
- Semantic Change - the meaning and connotations of words
- Broadening = a word gains additional meaning
- Narrowing = a word that loses meaning
- Amelioration = meaning gets better/positive
- Pejoration = meaning gets worse/negative
- Weakening = a word that loses force
- Euphemism = soften something offensive
- Political correctness = e.g. Black - African American
- The long S = developed in the 17th century, died out in the 19th century due to confusion with the modern 'f'.
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