Tsarist Russia
- Created by: Emily
- Created on: 20-04-13 10:13
View mindmap
- Tsarist Russia
- Alexander II
- Reasons to Emancipate the Serfs
- Alex's Own View
- In order to modernisation to happen serfs had to be emancipated
- Serfdom morally wrong - western view
- Would bring a more dynamic economy
- Crimean War
- Had to get rid of conscription
- Russia realised they had to develop and modernise
- Against Turkey - humiliating defeat
- Economic
- Would lead to more productive peasants
- Russia needed to catch up and reassert its power
- Plans to build a great rail
- Nobles forced to take out mortgages on previously owned estates
- Population doubled in the first half of the century
- Moral & Intellectual
- Intelligentsia wanted change
- Political
- Nobles income fell and were dependent on the serfs
- Social Structure did nothing for nobility
- Alex's Own View
- Problems with Emancipation
- Peasants still tied to land and Mir
- Landlords paid of debt - did not invest in economy
- Peasants had less land - often infertile and scattered
- Peasants paid more tax - sell all grain/none for them
- Impact of other reforms
- Judicial
- Positive
- Equality established
- Less judges giving into black mail
- Negative
- No questioning
- Everyone presumed guilty
- Little chance of justice
- Action Taken
- Local courts set up
- Made fairer system
- Positive
- Local Gov
- Action Taken
- Electoral Colleges
- Elected local councils
- Positive
- Zemstva had a range of powers to make improvements
- Negative
- Short on money
- Votes - nobility dominant
- Action Taken
- Education
- Action Taken
- Educational instiutions funded
- Postive
- More poor and women in Uni's
- Aimed to catch up with west
- Curriculum
- Open to all sex or class
- Negative
- Radical thinkers increased
- Action Taken
- Military
- Negative
- Serfs unable to get higher ranks
- Higher classes dominated
- Action Taken
- Lowered conscription to 6 years (25)
- Humane discipline
- More efficient
- Improved training
- Positive
- Military advanced
- Not forced to join
- Negative
- Judicial
- Types of Opposition
- Populism
- Black Parition
- People's Will
- Terrorism fail to destroy Tsarism?
- Terrorists offered no alternative
- Conservatives still supoorted Tsar
- The terrorists failed to gain support
- Reforms to an end?
- Personal life - Death of son - retreated from political life
- April 1866 - Assassination attempts
- Criticism - gone to far? Not far enough?
- Reasons to Emancipate the Serfs
- Russia Backwards
- Political
- Autocracy
- No Opposition
- Nobles in control
- Secret Police
- Conscripted Army
- Economic
- Harsh Winter - Affected farming
- Farming Methods
- Banking Undeveloped
- No Consumer Demand for Products
- Poor Communications
- Social
- 50 Million Serfs - 82% of the population
- No demand for development
- 3500 people in 6 Universities
- Size of Russia
- Political
- Alexander III
- Vyshedradsky
- Stronger Gov
- Increased Taxes - Pushed for exportation of Goods
- Trans Siberian Railway and Tariffs
- Balanced budget deficit
- Finance Minister 1887 - 1892
- 1891 - 1892 Famine
- Witte
- Finance Minister 1893 - 1903
- Gold Standard
- Highly influential
- Economic development only way to raise living standards
- Oversaw the construction of railways
- If everyone prospered then no need for revolution
- Economic Growth
- Foreign investments encouraged
- Opposition
- Liberals
- 1904 union of Liberation - demanded democracy
- Wanted modernisation
- Zemstva
- Demanded more power
- SD's
- Believed in Marxism
- Bolsheviks - Small, sieze power ASAP
- Mensheviks - spread propaganda, not to lead revolution
- Intellectuals
- Criticises Tsardom
- SR's
- Terrorism and reform from below - little support
- Middle Class
- Poltential Opponents
- Liberals
- Policies
- Taxes Rasied
- Peasant Poll Tax abolished
- Peasant land bank
- Protective Tariffs
- Expansion of the railway system
- Foreign Investment
- Make Russian currency stable
- Positive effects
- Negative effects
- Heavy spending on Military
- 1885 onwards - 50% of government spending on military
- Workers vulnerable to revolutionary Propaganda
- Middle class workers grew
- Church
- Poor living conditions
- 1904 - 1/3 of houses in St.Petersburghad houses with water
- Low wages and insecure employment
- 1899 Russia affected by world depression
- Heavy spending on Military
- Vyshedradsky
- Nicholas II
- Russia developed economically 1914
- Developed
- 4th Largest coal producer
- Light industry grew with demand
- 2393 banks by 1914
- State money into heavy industry
- State revenue doubled
- Expanded enterprises
- 10years compuls education
- Exports growing
- Extension of health services
- 5th Largest industrial power
- 1912 - health insurance
- Factories rise - 2300
- 1914 - 40% literacy rate
- Economy growing 8.8% per year
- Undeveloped
- Areas better than others
- Inflation rose 40%
- Conditions grim
- At mercy of employers
- Low levels of education
- No trade unions or legal protection
- Lena goldfields
- Regime still reliant on depression
- 3 million workers involved in strikes
- Population explosion
- 4/5 population peasants
- Industry employed 5% of population
- Developed
- Dumas operate
- 3rd Duma
- Disputes
- Agreed 2000 - 2500 gov proposals
- Opposition parties now outnumbered
- 3rd Nov 1907 - 1912
- No control - Not working
- More representatives of nobility
- 2nd Duma
- Tsar wantesd SDs out
- Gov interfere with elections
- Liberal members reduced
- Feb -June 1907
- Stolypin dissolved - better voting system
- 4th Duma
- November 1912 - August 1917
- Number of radicals increased
- Workers - strike activity and direct action
- Rift between left and right
- Duma ignored
- 1st Duma
- Wanted everyone to vote, land reforms, trade union rights
- Majority of SRs, Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, Octoberists
- Disolved by the Tsar
- 30% workers/Peasants
- April - June 1906
- 3rd Duma
- Why Tsardom able to survive 1914?
- Decline in revolutionarygroups
- Styolpin worked with 3rd & 4th Duma
- Liberals worked with the tsar
- Living conditions increased
- Agrarian reforms - Stolypin
- Positive
- land banks set up to help peasants become owners
- 10% consolidated there holdings
- Nobility support - revolution less liekly
- 1914 - 25% left commues
- 15% of the peasants took up new opportunities
- 1907 - redemption payments abolished
- immediate impact
- Negative
- Couldn't build large farms
- ***** farming continued and wouldn't leave Mire
- Applications to leave were declined
- Not total success
- Peasants beame more prosperous
- Poor and landless peasants alienated
- 14% of communal land passed on to private owner
- Aims
- Goal to transform traditional agriculture
- Abolish communal system
- Aimed to create a new type of peasant class
- Positive
- Situation March 1917
- Tsar not listening to duma, joined the front iine
- Women took over the work
- Produced less goods
- Tsarina -German spy?
- Poorly equiped
- Why did war break out Japan?
- Conquences?
- Humilation
- Total destruction of main fleets
- Was a distraction from main problems
- Japan attacks Port Arthur
- Under Estimation
- Land Disputes
- Conquences?
- Revolution in 1905?
- Social
- Peasants discontent
- Food shortages
- Poor working condition
- Poor living conditions
- Econmic
- Poor harvest
- Pressure on resources
- Political
- Russo Japanese war
- Repression
- Social
- Impact of WW1
- Food shortages
- 1.6 million deaths
- Some historians exaggerated Russia's weakness - 1917
- Inflation
- Lack of resourses
- Tsarina German Spy?
- Support for Radical increased
- Feb Revolution 1917
- International Women's Day + Striking workers §240,000 involved
- Demonstration Continued and Grew and spread Soldiers joined in.Petrograd garrison refused to fire at crowds – as Nic ordered. Half actively supported revolution
- Attacked gov buildings – Down with the Tsar, Down with the War
- Workers had railways torn up
- Russia developed economically 1914
- Alexander II
- Population doubled in the first half of the century
- Military
- Negative
- Serfs unable to get higher ranks
- Higher classes dominated
- Action Taken
- Lowered conscription to 6 years (25)
- Humane discipline
- More efficient
- Improved training
- Positive
- Military advanced
- Not forced to join
- Negative
- Negative
- Radical thinkers increased
- Aims
- Goal to transform traditional agriculture
- Abolish communal system
- Aimed to create a new type of peasant class
Comments
Report
Report
Report