Topic 4 - Demography

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  • Topic 4 - Demography
    • Death
      • Reasons for the decline in the death rate
        • improved nutrition
          • McKeown (1972) argues   improved nutrition accounts for half the decrease in mortality rates
          • Better nutrition increases resistance to infection
          • Doesn't explain why females live longer with smaller amount of food
        • Medical improvement
        • Public health measures and environmental improvements
      • The ageing population
        • Increased life expectancy
        • Declining infant mortality
        • Declingng fertility
      • Effect of an ageing population
        • More public services needed
        • Increase in dependency ratio
        • More one-person families
          • Majority female
    • Migration
      • Emigration
        • Economic - higher wages and better opportunites abroad
        • Religious, political or racial persecution
        • Assisted passage schemes - introduced due to political or ideological reasons
      • Recent and future migration patterns
        • The dependency ratio
          • Reduces  dependency ratio  as migrants are usually working age
          • Immigrant women usually have higher fertility rate so higher dependency rate
          • Reduces average age - lowering dependency ratio
          • Longer immigrants are in country there is less difference between fertility  rate
          • Net migration is difference between numbers moving in an out of society expressed as increase or decrease
        • Internal migration
          • Movement into an area  or society
    • Births
      • Reasons for the decline in the birth rate
        • 1. Changes in the postion of women
          • Law
            • Education
            • Divorce
            • More women working
            • Equality between men and women
        • 4. Child centredness
          • Childhood is socially constructed
          • Family sizes have decreased
            • Quanlity rather than quantity
        • Future trends in birth rates
          • Birth rates, fertility rates and family sizes have all decreased
          • Been a slight increase from 2001
            • Mothers from other countries who have moved to Britain have high fertility rates
            • 22% of all births in 2005 were by mothers from outside te country
        • 3. Children have become an economic liabilty
          • Laws
            • Not allowing child labour, instead they must be in school
          • Changing norms
            • Children cost more to raise
      • Effects of changes in fertility
        • Public services and policies
          • Lower birth rate
            • Fewer schools, maternity and child health care
        • The dependeny ratio
          • Relationship between the size of the working or productive part of the population
            • Earning, savings and taxes of the working population must  support the dependent population
        • The family
          • Richer families
            • Richer families can afford childcare for a large family and also allow them to go out to work
          • Smaller families
            • More women work, dual earner couple

Comments

wngono

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This a great summary of demography which is a topic which can be confusing due to the high amount of information.This not only identifies the key demographic occurrences but also provides explanations to explain them.

Matty Hardy

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This helped me a lot, shame i never looked at it before the start of my exam

Beky

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This is so amazing..thanks

Hg2000

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this helped a lot thanks whoever created this

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