Topic 4 - Demography
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- Created on: 29-04-13 12:59
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- Topic 4 - Demography
- Death
- Reasons for the decline in the death rate
- improved nutrition
- McKeown (1972) argues improved nutrition accounts for half the decrease in mortality rates
- Better nutrition increases resistance to infection
- Doesn't explain why females live longer with smaller amount of food
- Medical improvement
- Public health measures and environmental improvements
- improved nutrition
- The ageing population
- Increased life expectancy
- Declining infant mortality
- Declingng fertility
- Effect of an ageing population
- More public services needed
- Increase in dependency ratio
- More one-person families
- Majority female
- Reasons for the decline in the death rate
- Migration
- Emigration
- Economic - higher wages and better opportunites abroad
- Religious, political or racial persecution
- Assisted passage schemes - introduced due to political or ideological reasons
- Recent and future migration patterns
- The dependency ratio
- Reduces dependency ratio as migrants are usually working age
- Immigrant women usually have higher fertility rate so higher dependency rate
- Reduces average age - lowering dependency ratio
- Longer immigrants are in country there is less difference between fertility rate
- Net migration is difference between numbers moving in an out of society expressed as increase or decrease
- Internal migration
- Movement into an area or society
- The dependency ratio
- Emigration
- Births
- Reasons for the decline in the birth rate
- 1. Changes in the postion of women
- Law
- Education
- Divorce
- More women working
- Equality between men and women
- Law
- 4. Child centredness
- Childhood is socially constructed
- Family sizes have decreased
- Quanlity rather than quantity
- Future trends in birth rates
- Birth rates, fertility rates and family sizes have all decreased
- Been a slight increase from 2001
- Mothers from other countries who have moved to Britain have high fertility rates
- 22% of all births in 2005 were by mothers from outside te country
- 3. Children have become an economic liabilty
- Laws
- Not allowing child labour, instead they must be in school
- Changing norms
- Children cost more to raise
- Laws
- 1. Changes in the postion of women
- Effects of changes in fertility
- Public services and policies
- Lower birth rate
- Fewer schools, maternity and child health care
- Lower birth rate
- The dependeny ratio
- Relationship between the size of the working or productive part of the population
- Earning, savings and taxes of the working population must support the dependent population
- Relationship between the size of the working or productive part of the population
- The family
- Richer families
- Richer families can afford childcare for a large family and also allow them to go out to work
- Smaller families
- More women work, dual earner couple
- Richer families
- Public services and policies
- Reasons for the decline in the birth rate
- Death
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