The Nature of Autocratic Rule - Principles of Orthodoxy, anti-Semitism and the Okhrana
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- Created on: 12-02-20 16:01
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- The Nature of Autocratic Rule
- Promoting Orthodoxy
- Podedonostev advised the Tsar to promote Orthodoxy as an important part of Russian identity.
- Between 1894-1902 Nicholas introduced the following measures;
- The number of parish clergy increased by around 60%.
- There was a 10x increase in church schools, and the number of students they taught increased 15x.
- Missonaries were sent out to establish new churches in the Baltic states where Protestantism was popular.
- As a result of the promotion, the number of people converting to Orthodoxy doubled between 1881-1902.
- However, in urban areas there was a decrease in the amount of people attending Orthodox church.
- Between 1894-1902 Nicholas introduced the following measures;
- Persecuting other faiths
- No Christian churches other than the Orthodox allowed to convert people.
- Catholic, Protestant and Islamic schools were closed down and replaced by government-run schools.
- Government confiscated the property of the Armenian Church.
- Podedonostev advised the Tsar to promote Orthodoxy as an important part of Russian identity.
- Anti-Semitism
- Agressive Russification and promotion of Orthodoxy led to more anti-Semitism.
- Education
- Oportunities for Jewish students was limited by enforced quotas:
- No more than 10% of students at universities could be Jewish within the Pale of Jewish Settlement.
- These univeristy quotas were 3% in the major cities (Moscow and St. Petersburg).
- Oportunities for Jewish students was limited by enforced quotas:
- Residency
- Restrictions on where Jews could live.
- The May Laws (1882) banned Jews from living in the rural areas until it was finally repealed in 1905.
- In some cities, eg Moscow and Kiev, campaigns were organised to expel Jews from cities.
- Restrictions on where Jews could live.
- Violence
- Under Nicholas, the number of Pogroms increased dramatically.
- A Pogrom is an organised massacre.
- In 1903 and 1904 there were 49 pogroms in Russia.
- Under Nicholas, the number of Pogroms increased dramatically.
- Emigration
- Due to the growing violent anti-Semitism many Jews left Russia.
- Most went to the US, but some Latin America.
- The government saw this emigartion of Jews as a good solution to the 'Jewish problem'.
- Due to the growing violent anti-Semitism many Jews left Russia.
- Education
- Agressive Russification and promotion of Orthodoxy led to more anti-Semitism.
- The Okhrana
- Reputation for being 'all powerful, all-knowing and all-capable'.
- It's aim was to destory subversive organisations.
- To do this it had extensive powers to arrest and infiltrate opposition groups.
- In reality, it was a relatively small organisation.
- 2,500 agents in 1900.
- However, it was still effective.
- Before 1905, it had infiltrated the leadership of the Social Democrats and the SR's.
- It's aim was to destory subversive organisations.
- Sergei Zubatov became the head of the Moscow Okhrana in 1896.
- In addition to repression, Zubatov introduced 'Police Socialism'.
- Included:
- Investigated workers' complaints about abuses in factories.
- Provided sick pay and unemployment benefits.
- Attempted to take control of emerging unions.
- Zubatov's pro-worker experiment spread to other Russian cities.
- However, the government didn't like these reforms.
- They ended the policy and fired Zubatov in 1903.
- However, the government didn't like these reforms.
- Included:
- In addition to repression, Zubatov introduced 'Police Socialism'.
- University Life
- The Okhrana were involved in policing Russia's universities.
- The University Statute of 1884 included:
- Banned clubs and societies on university campuses.
- Emphasised that students should study tradiditional subjects.
- Banned Women from higher education.
- The University Statute of 1884 included:
- The Okhrana were involved in policing Russia's universities.
- Surveillance
- engaged in widespread surveillance.
- By 1900 they had records on 55,000 people, collections of 5,000 publications by revolutionary groups and 20,000 photographs of suspected radicals.
- engaged in widespread surveillance.
- Reputation for being 'all powerful, all-knowing and all-capable'.
- Promoting Orthodoxy
- Orthodoxy, anti-Semitism and the Okhrana
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