Superpowers A-Level

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  • Superpowers
    • Hard Power
      • Military
        • USA
          • $612 billion security budget, plans to increase this under Trump. Aim for full spectrum dominance. Largest and most powerful military. Largest nuclear arsenal
          • Use their power to directly influence the politics and actions of countries e.g. Afghanistan 2001-2014 in an attempt to remove the Taliban from power
          • global presence e.g. in Europe, Asia, South America and border of Russia, middle east following Gulf wars and to protect oil routes
        • China
          • Attempting to increase it's military power: double figure increases in past decade, to settle regional territory disputes e.g. with Taiwan, growing but still no threat at the moment  due to lack of experience and software. May be a threat in future due to their ambition
      • Nuclear Weapons
        • Trident Renewal 2016
        • Poses a threat to other countries and acts as a deterrent
      • Naval
      • Land Forces
        • Full Spectrum Dominance
          • Naval
          • Nuclear Weapons
            • Trident Renewal 2016
            • Poses a threat to other countries and acts as a deterrent
    • Soft Power
      • Trade
        • Ghana and WTO
          • Commodity traders: Cocoa prices determined in London and New York by big buyers e.g. Nestle, Cadbury. Prices fluctuate = bad for workers
          • Joined WTO 1995 - no longer allowed to subsidise farmers, despite EU doing so- can't compete = Ghanaian tomato industry suffers
          • Overseas tariffs - tariff escalation (up to 65% on cocoa chocolate but none on raw cocoa). Lose out, have to sell low value products
        • Banana Trade
          • Preferential treatment given to small island producers e.g. Windward Islands (colonial links with Britain) after formation of EU and single market in 1992. Large TNCs in Latin countries lost out on profit from EU due to quotas and tariffs = took it up with WTO
          • WTO ruled that preferential treatment was not allowed - against policy of free trade - Windward Island producers lost livelihood, turned to crime, youth migrating to urban areas, grow ganja instead. Can't compete with economies of scale e.g. Del Monte and Chiquita
      • Culture
        • Media, TV, Film, Music
          • Americanisation
            • Titanic, McDonalds, Coke - American culture seen as something to aspire to. Results in the homogenisation of global culture - seen as more 'free' and advanced. Portrayed through media as desirable and dominant.
            • Cultural imperialism - voluntary adoption of foreign cultures, spread of culture through TNCs' global reach
          • China
            • Beijing Olympics 2008 - 1 billion viewers, Confucius Institutes to show China as gentle and kind - trying to spread culture top-down = wrong, comes from people
      • TNCs
        • McDonalds
          • McDonalds' glocalisation in France, India - loss of traditional cultures and values - adoption of US culture
        • Starbucks
        • Coca Cola
          • Coke in China: attempt to tap into potential market of 1billion = loss of tea drinking culture, art, history and traditions. Adoption of American fast food culture. Banned for a brief period under President Mao.
          • Mayan Shamans in Mexico use Coca Cola in healing rituals = degradation of culture - apparently paid by coke to do so
      • Aid
        • Strings attached aid - debt crisis and SAPs result in cycle of poverty for LDCs - can't repay loans and interest, hinders development
        • Undermines authority of local government = weaker politics in country, destabilisation
        • 'Saviour-Complex'
        • Fosters dependency on aid, attempts to conform to Western idea of development - should develop on their own?
      • FDI
        • China in Africa
          • East African Railway - Eximbank to provide 90% of funding - cheaper transport of goods and people
          • Kenya Mall - Chinese TNCs have 40% shares in Africa's largest mall - employs 20 Kenyans to every Chinese worker
          • Confucius Institutes - at uni of Nairobi teaching Mandarin to increase soft power and so they can work in China
          • China in developed world
            • Manchester Airport investment - Chinese lanterns fro CNY
            • $688 billion in overseas investment 2005-2013
            • Investment into nuclear weapons in UK, Hinkley Point
      • IGO Membership
        • Global platform, part of decision making process, allies
        • e.g. UN,  NATO, G8, WTO, IMF
        • Maintains hegemony of Western capitalism
    • Futures
      • Rise of the BRICs
        • Cheap good, deindustrialisation, wealth disparity between LDCs and BRICs
        • Pollution, clean energy?, fossil fuel usage
        • Developmentof poor, less poverty, food crisis
        • International tensions and conflict or multipolar world and agreements?
    • Neo-colonialism?
      • Soft Power
        • Trade
          • Ghana and WTO
            • Commodity traders: Cocoa prices determined in London and New York by big buyers e.g. Nestle, Cadbury. Prices fluctuate = bad for workers
            • Joined WTO 1995 - no longer allowed to subsidise farmers, despite EU doing so- can't compete = Ghanaian tomato industry suffers
            • Overseas tariffs - tariff escalation (up to 65% on cocoa chocolate but none on raw cocoa). Lose out, have to sell low value products
          • Banana Trade
            • Preferential treatment given to small island producers e.g. Windward Islands (colonial links with Britain) after formation of EU and single market in 1992. Large TNCs in Latin countries lost out on profit from EU due to quotas and tariffs = took it up with WTO
            • WTO ruled that preferential treatment was not allowed - against policy of free trade - Windward Island producers lost livelihood, turned to crime, youth migrating to urban areas, grow ganja instead. Can't compete with economies of scale e.g. Del Monte and Chiquita
        • Culture
          • Media, TV, Film, Music
            • Americanisation
              • Titanic, McDonalds, Coke - American culture seen as something to aspire to. Results in the homogenisation of global culture - seen as more 'free' and advanced. Portrayed through media as desirable and dominant.
              • Cultural imperialism - voluntary adoption of foreign cultures, spread of culture through TNCs' global reach
            • China
              • Beijing Olympics 2008 - 1 billion viewers, Confucius Institutes to show China as gentle and kind - trying to spread culture top-down = wrong, comes from people
        • TNCs
          • McDonalds
            • McDonalds' glocalisation in France, India - loss of traditional cultures and values - adoption of US culture
          • Starbucks
          • Coca Cola
            • Coke in China: attempt to tap into potential market of 1billion = loss of tea drinking culture, art, history and traditions. Adoption of American fast food culture. Banned for a brief period under President Mao.
            • Mayan Shamans in Mexico use Coca Cola in healing rituals = degradation of culture - apparently paid by coke to do so
        • Aid
          • Strings attached aid - debt crisis and SAPs result in cycle of poverty for LDCs - can't repay loans and interest, hinders development
          • Undermines authority of local government = weaker politics in country, destabilisation
          • 'Saviour-Complex'
          • Fosters dependency on aid, attempts to conform to Western idea of development - should develop on their own?
        • FDI
          • China in Africa
            • East African Railway - Eximbank to provide 90% of funding - cheaper transport of goods and people
            • Kenya Mall - Chinese TNCs have 40% shares in Africa's largest mall - employs 20 Kenyans to every Chinese worker
            • Confucius Institutes - at uni of Nairobi teaching Mandarin to increase soft power and so they can work in China
            • China in developed world
              • Manchester Airport investment - Chinese lanterns fro CNY
              • $688 billion in overseas investment 2005-2013
              • Investment into nuclear weapons in UK, Hinkley Point
        • IGO Membership
          • Global platform, part of decision making process, allies
          • e.g. UN,  NATO, G8, WTO, IMF
          • Maintains hegemony of Western capitalism
      • Military invasion and occupation of countries is no longer a trend since many colonies gaining independence but perhaps shifted to indirect economic control
      • Shift from developed countries maintaining power over LDCs to BRICs? - China in Africa
        • Dependency Theory
          • Cycle of poverty perpetuated due to reliance on developed world. Use trade tariffs to maintain economic control over countries.
        • Development Theory

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