Water A-Level
- Created by: LamisaAmber
- Created on: 07-05-17 13:57
View mindmap
- Water
- Storage
- Bluewater
- Infiltration + Percolation, Groundwater Storage, Precipitation, Surface Run-off
- Greenwater
- Evaporation, evapotranspiration
- Splits into oceans and freshwater sources
- Locked up in glaciers and ice caps too
- Bluewater
- Demand
- Factors
- Economic Sector - Industry, Agriculture
- Wealth - demand increases with wealth - domestic usage
- Population size and density
- Rurality
- Cost of water- privatisation e.g Veolia, United Utilities (water TNC)
- Supply systems
- Urbanisation
- Factors
- Supply
- Human Interference
- Damming
- Reduces riverflow downstream
- Deforestation
- Reduces interception and surface storage = flash flooding
- Over extraction
- Decreases water levels
- Climate Change
- Increased drought and unpredictable weather e.g. monsoons
- Pollution
- River Rhine
- Sandy chemical plant fire 500,000 fish killed, farm-land run off = decreased quality, 1970 river ecologically dead. Rhine Action Programme = 50% decrease in pollution and salmon return 1997
- River Rhine
- Infrastructure
- Increased surface run-off
- Damming
- Physical Factors
- Climate
- Precipitation, temperature and latiduninal location
- River Systems
- Surface water supply and distribute rainfall
- Geology
- Permeability, aquifer rock e.g. chalk and sandstones
- Climate
- Human Interference
- Management
- Players
- Governments
- NGOs e.g. WaterAid
- Campaign, educate, fundraise, provide small scale solutions to developing countries e.g. composting latrine in Nepal
- IGOs e.g. UN
- Individuals
- TNCs e.g. Coke
- Conservationists
- Indigenous Groups
- Transboundary Sources
- Three Gorges Dam
- Along Yangtze, flood protection, 18000 MW hydroelectric power, supplies water to region which generates 22% of China's GDP, drowned 100,000 hectares land and 13 cities, 1.9 mil displaced
- Colarado Compact
- 40 million rely on Colorado River - dams built e.g. Hoover dam, conflict w/ native Americans - their water decreased, downstream supply reduced = conflict w/ Mexico, supplies water to desert cities e.g. Las Vegas, 200 mil KW produced.
- Compact = an agreement to control use of water - allocated an amount of water available = success?
- South-North Transfer
- Costs $62 billion, 50 years to build, 60% gov funding, allows industry and agriculture in arid north, will provide 25% of Beijing's water, drought in South, pollution, 330,000 displaced
- Turkey's GAP project
- Damming of Euphrates and Tigris rivers - cuts off supply to Syria and Iraq = political weapon? Will provide 22% of Turkey's elec, irrigate 1.7 mil hectares = cash crops, growing economy by 12%
- Ethhiopia's GERD
- £2.8 billion, will ruin 1 mil acres farmland on Nile's shores, Egypt's supply reduced? 6000 megawatt source of elec to boost economy. Egypt threatened military action
- Larger, top-down, expensive, lots of negatives e.g. displacement, environmental issues, gov funding
- The Aral Sea
- Spans Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan - Soviet gov diverted Amu Darya and Syr Darya for irrigation and agriculture - shrunk to 10% of original size. Health probe, 60,000 fishing industry gone, only 32 of 70 mammals remain.
- Three Gorges Dam
- Advanced Technology
- (Solar) Desalinisation
- Expensive, uses fossil fuels unless solar, exacerbating Climate Change, have to be coastal , brine produced
- Groundwater Extraction
- Expensive and depletes water table - has to recharge
- Expensive, inaccessible to most needy places
- (Solar) Desalinisation
- Immediate Technology
- Playpump
- Expensive, relies on children playing, takes burden off women = education, sustainable, $14,000, supplies less than claimed - would have to play 27 hours a day
- Rope Pump
- Made locally in Burkina Faso, easy and quick access, cheap, local skills = reduced infant mortality
- Composting latrine
- Polluted river = poor health, diseases e.g. Typhoid reduced, dignity for locals
- Groasis Waterbox
- Collects and stores water, biodegradable, stops evaporation, £12 - expensive
- Cloudcatchers
- Smaller scale, NGOs (harder to fund, relies on public), impacts less people, less reliable? Bottom up - includes locals, more success? more direct impact, less negatives for locals
- Playpump
- Conservation
- Gray-water cycling
- Conservation
- Players
- Futures
- Business as Usual
- Water scarcity = less food, higher consumption due to population growth, increase in domestic usage in developing countries by 70%, aquifers pumped faster than can recharge
- Conservation
- Usage will fall, improved farming techniques to use less water, prices of water will double
- Global Crisis
- Access - 1.2 bill don't have access atm
- Quality - 400 bill tonnes of industrial waste/year into water
- Political tensions - source of conflict?
- Health and Poverty - improved sanitation decreases poverty
- Business as Usual
- Storage
Comments
No comments have yet been made