Water A-Level

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  • Water
    • Storage
      • Bluewater
        • Infiltration + Percolation, Groundwater Storage, Precipitation, Surface Run-off
      • Greenwater
        • Evaporation, evapotranspiration
      • Splits into oceans and freshwater sources
      • Locked up in glaciers and ice caps too
    • Demand
      • Factors
        • Economic Sector - Industry, Agriculture
        • Wealth - demand increases with wealth - domestic usage
        • Population size and density
        • Rurality
        • Cost of water- privatisation e.g Veolia, United Utilities (water TNC)
        • Supply systems
        • Urbanisation
    • Supply
      • Human Interference
        • Damming
          • Reduces riverflow downstream
        • Deforestation
          • Reduces interception and surface storage = flash flooding
        • Over extraction
          • Decreases water levels
        • Climate Change
          • Increased drought and unpredictable weather e.g. monsoons
        • Pollution
          • River Rhine
            • Sandy chemical plant fire 500,000 fish killed, farm-land run off = decreased quality, 1970 river ecologically dead. Rhine Action Programme = 50% decrease in pollution and salmon return 1997
        • Infrastructure
          • Increased  surface run-off
      • Physical Factors
        • Climate
          • Precipitation, temperature and latiduninal location
        • River Systems
          • Surface water supply and distribute rainfall
        • Geology
          • Permeability, aquifer rock e.g. chalk and sandstones
    • Management
      • Players
        • Governments
        • NGOs e.g. WaterAid
          • Campaign, educate, fundraise, provide small scale solutions to developing countries e.g. composting latrine in Nepal
        • IGOs e.g. UN
        • Individuals
        • TNCs e.g. Coke
        • Conservationists
        • Indigenous Groups
      • Transboundary Sources
        • Three Gorges Dam
          • Along Yangtze, flood protection, 18000 MW hydroelectric power, supplies water to region which generates 22%  of China's GDP, drowned 100,000 hectares land and 13 cities, 1.9 mil displaced
        • Colarado Compact
          • 40 million rely on Colorado River - dams built e.g. Hoover dam, conflict w/ native Americans - their water decreased, downstream supply reduced = conflict w/ Mexico, supplies water to desert cities e.g. Las Vegas, 200 mil KW produced.
          • Compact = an agreement to control use of water - allocated an amount of water available = success?
        • South-North Transfer
          • Costs $62 billion, 50 years to build, 60% gov funding, allows industry and agriculture in arid north, will provide 25% of Beijing's water, drought in South, pollution, 330,000 displaced
        • Turkey's GAP project
          • Damming of Euphrates and Tigris rivers - cuts off supply to Syria and Iraq = political weapon? Will provide 22% of Turkey's elec, irrigate 1.7 mil hectares = cash crops, growing economy by 12%
        • Ethhiopia's  GERD
          • £2.8 billion, will ruin 1 mil acres farmland on Nile's shores, Egypt's supply reduced? 6000 megawatt source of elec to boost economy. Egypt threatened military action
        • Larger, top-down, expensive, lots of negatives e.g. displacement, environmental issues, gov funding
        • The Aral Sea
          • Spans Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan - Soviet gov diverted Amu Darya and Syr Darya for irrigation and agriculture - shrunk to 10% of original size. Health probe, 60,000 fishing industry gone, only 32 of 70 mammals remain.
      • Advanced Technology
        • (Solar) Desalinisation
          • Expensive, uses fossil fuels unless solar, exacerbating Climate Change, have to be coastal , brine produced
        • Groundwater Extraction
          • Expensive and depletes water table - has to recharge
        • Expensive, inaccessible to most needy places
      • Immediate Technology
        • Playpump
          • Expensive, relies on children playing, takes burden off women = education, sustainable, $14,000, supplies less than claimed - would have to play 27 hours a day
        • Rope Pump
          • Made locally in Burkina Faso, easy and quick access, cheap, local skills = reduced infant mortality
        • Composting latrine
          • Polluted river = poor health, diseases e.g. Typhoid reduced, dignity for locals
        • Groasis Waterbox
          • Collects and stores water, biodegradable, stops evaporation, £12 - expensive
        • Cloudcatchers
        • Smaller scale, NGOs (harder to fund, relies on public), impacts less people, less reliable? Bottom up - includes locals, more success? more direct impact, less negatives for locals
      • Conservation
        • Gray-water cycling
        • Conservation
    • Futures
      • Business as Usual
        • Water scarcity = less food, higher consumption due to population growth, increase in domestic usage in developing countries by 70%, aquifers pumped faster than can recharge
      • Conservation
        • Usage will fall, improved farming techniques to use less water, prices of water will double
      • Global Crisis
        • Access - 1.2 bill don't have access atm
        • Quality - 400 bill tonnes of industrial waste/year into water
        • Political tensions - source of conflict?
        • Health and Poverty - improved sanitation decreases poverty

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