Social Relations: Helping
- Created by: Sess
- Created on: 12-05-15 18:15
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- Social Relations: Helping
- Social Exchange Theory
- External Rewards
- The approval of someone attractive or someone we admire
- Krebs (1970)
- Other rewards include monetary incentives
- The approval of someone attractive or someone we admire
- Internal Rewards
- Guilt + Helping
- Carlsmith + Gross (1969)
- Involved 40 male ppts in a 'learning' experiment
- They either sounded a buzzer or gave an electric shock to their partner if they got something wrong
- Those who gave buzzer cause they'd help sort papers 25% of the time, compared to 75% for those who hurt.
- The positive effect of increased self worth
- A reduction of distress at seeing someone else suffer or struggle
- 457 teens were studied. It was found that helping others positively correlated with well-being in boys & girls, correlated positively with health in girls.
- Shwartz et al (2009)
- It was found that youth who engaged in community service projects eg tutoring etc were less likely to be delinquent + get pregnant
- Piliavian + Anderson (1998)
- Guilt + Helping
- Homans (1958)
- Interactions are actually transactions whereby people exchange rewards + costs
- People weigh out the costs + rewards of helping. The rewards can be internal or external.
- External Rewards
- Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis
- Batson (1981)
- Batson et al (1981)
- 44 female ppts were told they were in a 'working under aversive conditions trial'.
- They watched a confederate who admitted that a fall as a child against an electric fence made her sensitive to pain get 2 or 10 rounds of electric shocks
- They were told they could switch at anytime. Those who only had to see 2 trials switched less if the confed was dissimilar in attitudes to the ppt
- There was no difference if the confed was said to be similar, suggesting an empathic response was generated.
- Schaller + Cialdini (1988)
- Questioned whether Batson found geniune altruism.
- Feeling empathy makes us sad, helping would fix the sadness but if presented with a comfortable alternative, we are less likely to help.
- Batson proposed that purely altruistic action can occur provided that it is preceded by empathic concern for another
- Social Norms
- Reciprocity Norm
- To those who help us, we feel we must return the help
- Goulder (1960)
- We invest in others and expect in return
- Social Responsibility Norm
- Berkowitz (1972)
- People should help those who need help, without regard to future exchanges
- But our willingness to help depends on the cause of need for help
- If it is external, we are more likely to help (eg. an earthquake)
- If it is internal, we are less likely to help (eg. laziness)
- Reciprocity Norm
- Evolutionary Explanations
- Kin Selection
- Parents who prioritise their children's welfare are more likely to pass their genes on
- Kin selection is favouritism to those who share our genes
- Parents are more devoted to their children as their need their genes passed on, not the same vice versa
- Myers (2013)
- Reciprocity
- Genetic self interest predicts reciprocity
- It best works in small isolated groups where you are likely to see the other person often
- Social female baboons who groomed together + stayed close tot he group had a reproductory advantage as their infants are more likely to live longer
- Silk et al (2003)
- Those in small villages were more likely to help, rely phone messages, post lost letters than those in the city
- Hedge + Yousif (1992)
- Group Selection
- When groups are in competition, groups of mutually supportive altruists outlast groups of non-altruists
- Darwin
- Kin Selection
- Why/When do we help?
- No. of bystanders
- Noticing
- Colombian Uni men filled out a questionnaire either by themselves or with 2 others.
- An 'emergency' was staged, smoke poured into a room via a vent
- Those alone took 5 secs to notice it, in a group it took 25 secs
- Latane + Dabbs (196)
- Interpretting
- They suggested that the ppts must have been thinking 'others are calm, so it must not be n emergency'.
- Those alone got up to report it but those in the room didnt move till the air was so thick you couldnt see
- People have been found to be more helpful when on their own than when in the company of others
- 147 confes dropped pens or coins in elevators.
- If there was just one other person, 40% helped, if 6, only 20% helped.
- Latane + Dabbs (1975)
- As the no. of bystanders increase, people are less likely to notice, interpret as emergency + assume responsibility
- Noticing
- When someone else does
- LA drivers were more likely to stop to help a female with a flat tire if they had seen someone else do it a 1/4 mile beforehand
- Bryan + Test (1967)
- Brit Adults were more willing to donate blood if they saw someone else consent to donating
- Rushten + Campbell (1977)
- This suggests that models of good behaviour work like aggression ones do.
- LA drivers were more likely to stop to help a female with a flat tire if they had seen someone else do it a 1/4 mile beforehand
- Time pressures
- Ppts were asked to collect their thoughts before being directed to an adjacent building to record a talk on the good samaritan parable
- Half were told they were late, half were told they wouldnt be expected for a few minutes
- They all passed a slumped man, 10% of 'late' ppts stopped to help.e3w4444=][
- Darley & Batson (1973)
- Similarity
- We are more likely to help those who are similar to us
- Miller et al (2001)
- Students who were Man U fans passed a jogger who slipped + hurt their ankle were 80% likely to help if he was in a Man U shirt. Less likely if he was in a liverpool shirt
- Levine et al (2005)
- We are more likely to help those who are similar to us
- No. of bystanders
- Who will help?
- Personality
- There is no common similarity trait within the rescuers of the jews in WW2
- Darley (1995)
- Gender
- Meta-analysis of 35 studies was conducted.
- It was found that women offered help equally to males/females
- Men offered help more to women, especially if they were attractive
- Women often seek out more help
- Eagly + Crawley (1986)
- In potentially dangerous situations, men are more likely to help b, women are more likely to volunteer for good causes
- Pryor et al (2010)
- Personality
- Social Exchange Theory
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