Soc- Prosocial behaviour
- Created by: Amy
- Created on: 24-12-21 16:50
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- Prosocial behaviour
- Acts positively valued by society
- Helping behaviour- specific form of helping behaviour: an act which benefits another with no expected personal benefit
- Altruism- voluntary acts that intentionally benefit another
- Why we help others
- Evolutionary perspective (nature)
- We are biologically predisposed to help others
- Kin selection- help our blood relatives to ensure the survival of our genes (Haldane 1952: I would gladly die for two brothers or 8 cousins), Mutalism- co- operative behaviour benefits the cooperator and others
- Problems- why don't we always help kin, why do we help in some situations but not others, neglects learning and modelling and norms
- We are biologically predisposed to help others
- Social norms
- Common held attitudes, beliefs and behaviours, normative beliefs- Reciprocity principle (Gouldner 1960), Social responsibility norm, The just-world hypothesis (Lerner & Miller 1978)
- Problems- we verbally endorse helping but don't always do it - situation matters in turning a helping attitude into behaviour (attitudes- behaviour relationship
- Common held attitudes, beliefs and behaviours, normative beliefs- Reciprocity principle (Gouldner 1960), Social responsibility norm, The just-world hypothesis (Lerner & Miller 1978)
- Social learning theory (Bandura 1972)
- Helping behaviour is learned not innate- we help because we see other people helping (modelling/ observational learning), based on external factors (watching others) rather than internalised factors (social norms approach)
- Bryan & Test (1967) flat tyre experiment- seeing others helps show us the behaviour is appropriate and increases perceptions of self- efficacy (we can make a difference),
- However, modelling only produces helping behaviour if positive (Hornstein 1970: wallet experiment)
- Bryan & Test (1967) flat tyre experiment- seeing others helps show us the behaviour is appropriate and increases perceptions of self- efficacy (we can make a difference),
- Helping behaviour is learned not innate- we help because we see other people helping (modelling/ observational learning), based on external factors (watching others) rather than internalised factors (social norms approach)
- Evolutionary perspective (nature)
- Situational determinants of helping
- Kitty Genovese case (1964) helped develop two models
- 1. Latane & Darley's (1968) Cognitive model
- Bystander goes through several cognitive stages before deciding whether to act in an emergency
- Attend to incident, Define incident, Accept personal responsibility, Decide what to do
- Processes underlying the bystander apathy effect: Diffusion of responsibility, Normative influence/'audience inhibition', Informational influence
- Bystander goes through several cognitive stages before deciding whether to act in an emergency
- 2. Piliavin's bystander- calculus model (Piliavin et al 1981)
- Three step process: Physiological arousal, Labelling arousal, Calculating the costs (when labelled as personal distress we try help to reduce it) (presence of others reduces costs of helping- if we don't help others will)
- Bystander apathy effect- more bystanders present in an emergency the less the likelihood anyone will help
- 1. Latane & Darley's (1968) Cognitive model
- Kitty Genovese case (1964) helped develop two models
- Person- centred/ perceiver determinants of helping
- Personality
- Evidence for individual differences: Socially responsible, Internal LOC, Feel empathy (all increase likelihood of helping)
- Correlation not causation, is there such a thing as an altruistic personality?
- Generally accepted that situational factors override factors relating to individual
- Competence
- The cost of helping is reduced, percieved competance also increases helping
- Cramer et al (1988)- pretended someone fell off a ladder at a uni campus, nurses and medical students more likely to help
- Kazdin & Bryan (1971)- Ps told they had done well in creativity task more likely to donate blood later
- Mood
- Positive mood increases helping behaviours (external factors), not long lasting (Isen, Clark & Schwart 1976)
- Negative mood decreases helping behaviour (internal focus) except for guilt- have to make up for what they did, helps elevate mood
- Egotistic vs altruistic empathy
- Why do we sometimes help for personal benefit and sometimes with no expectation of gains?
- Two different types of emotional reaction to someone in distress- our own personal distress (self focused), empathetic concern (victim focused)
- The more empathetic concern we feel, the more altruistic our response
- Bateson et al (1981)- we offer to swap places with others in pain (seemingly receiving electric shocks) when similar to us
- Gender
- No differences in amount of help
- Differences in type of help: men help women more than men, women help both equally, men more likely to help strangers, women more likely to help in everyday situations
- Personality
- Recipient- centred determinants of helping
- Similarity to ourselves
- Ingroup membership
- Attractive membership (physically and personality)
- Przybyla (1985)- males but not females motivated to help opposite sex member having watched an ****** video
- Responsibility for misfortune (to those who need help through no fault of their own eg breast cancer donations vs lung cancer charity)
- Acts positively valued by society
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