Sex and Gender Unit 2
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- Created on: 26-03-17 21:05
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- Sex and Gender
- Sex and gender identity
- Male hormone: testosterone
- Female hormone: oestrogen
- Male chromosome: XY
- Female Chromosome: **
- Psychodynamic theory (Freud)
- The 5 psychosexual stages
- The phallic stage (6 yrs old)
- Oedipus complex
- A boy generates a desire for the mother and fears his father will castrate him. To resolve this, the boy identifies with his father and internalises male characteristics; acquiring a male indentity
- Little Hans (phobia of horses)
- Electra complex
- A girl generates a desire for the father and experiences penis envy. She fears losing her mother's love. To resolve this, she identifies with her mother and internalises female characteristics; acquiring a female identity
- Oedipus complex
- The phallic stage (6 yrs old)
- Gender disturbance (lone-parent household)
- According to Freud, a child will experience a poorly developed gender identity
- Because they do not resolve the Oedipus/Electra complex
- Carl (boy with feminine identity)
- Rekers and Moray (boys without a father)
- According to Freud, a child will experience a poorly developed gender identity
- Evalutation
- Difficult to test because it's based on unconscious thoughts and feelings
- Little evidence to support
- Psychologists have shown that a wide range of people influence a child's gender development
- As the number of children raised by lone-parent increases, the number of homosexuals is not affected
- The 5 psychosexual stages
- Social learning theory
- Gender is learnt from watching and learning the behaviour of others
- Example: Amir watches his father painting the fence. Amir's mother tells his father that he is doing a good job. Amir then starts imitating his father and painting the fence. He has learnt through vicarious reinforcement
- Examples of models: friends, same-sex parent, teachers, older siblings
- Perry and Bussey (role models)
- Gender is learnt from watching and learning the behaviour of others
- Media
- Provides models for gender behaviour
- Television shows men and women stereotyped
- Example: Women are shown as housewives, secretaries and nurses
- Example: Men are shown as doctors, police officers and business managers
- Williams (television gender roles)
- Evaluation
- Theory is well supported by research. Large number of studies.
- Does not explain why children brought up in lone-parent households do not have any difficulty developing their gender
- Does not explain why same sex siblings can behave differently
- This theory believes that gender is learnt. It ignores biological differences between males and females
- Gender schema theory
- mental building block of knowledge that contains information about each gender
- contains information such as behaviours, clothes, activities, personality traits and roles
- Martin (flexible views in older children)
- At a young age, children have rigid and stereotyped ideas of gender. But as they get older, their gender schemas become more flexible
- At age 6, children know a lot about their own gender but not much about the opposite sex.
- They concentrate more on the things that are appropriate for their own gender.
- Children who are stereotyped look for information to support their ideas and ignore or remember wrongly information that does not fit with their schema
- Levy and Carter (highly gender schematised)
- Evaluation
- Detailed and supported by evidence
- Has intuitive appeal (fits in with our experiences)
- Does not explain why some children are more highly gender schematised than others
- Does not explain why gender begins to develop at age 2
- Does not explain why children choose same-sex friends and gender-appropriate toys before they are able to correctly identify themselves
- mental building block of knowledge that contains information about each gender
- Sex and gender identity
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