Public Health: GCSE MEDICINE
- Created by: Mo
- Created on: 03-06-13 08:12
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- Public Health.
- Roman Public Health.
- They built a public health system because they thought dirty water was the cause of disease, cities were large and crowded
- The main parts of the Roman water system were:
- Aqueducts: Bring in fresh water
- Latrines: public toilets flushed with water
- Public Baths
- Sewers: Take waste away
- Fountains
- They needed their soldiers fit, therefore they built water systems for their army fort, they did not know the connection between germs and disease
- Public Health After Romans.
- War in middle ages: Roman public health system destroyed
- Kings spent their money on weapons instead of public heath improvements
- There was a lack of understanding disease
- People in the middle ages and the renaissance did not know that germs caused disease so they did not build public health systems
- Public Health Problems in 1800.
- Overcrowding: Families lived in single rooms
- No sanitation: No sewers to remove waste
- Cesspits: human waste dumped in pits until overflowed
- Privies: toilets were holes in the ground which had to be emptied by hand
- Rivers: Waste dumped straight into rivers
- No fresh water
- Diseases: Cholera and Smallpox spread quickly
- Reasons why people were against cleaning towns in 1800.
- Laissez Faire Ideas: People believed that the government should not interfere into people's lives, every town for itself
- Money: Tax payers did not want to pay more to clean up cities for the poor
- Landlords who rented houses did not want to pay to connect the house to a water supply
- Science: People still believed in the miasma theory and did not know of the presence of germs
- Seven Factors made people clean towns
- Cholera Epidemics: 1832, 1847, 1854
- Impact: Killed thousands of people in towns, frightened people and made them more willing to pay tax
- People still did not see why they should get a clean water supply, since they believed in the miasma theory
- Edwin Chadwick's report 1842
- Wrote a sanitary report on poor area's of London.
- He said there were Dirty living conditions
- Sickness
- Tax: it was costing tax ratepayers too much to look after the sick
- Impact: It persuaded the government to run a public health act ( 1848),
- However, it was voluntary, so tax payers did nothing to clean conditions
- Snows discovery 1854:
- He observed and figured out a link between proved deaths and a water pump in Broad street
- The germ theory had not been published yet, Snow was the first to link disease with water, which made towns clean up
- However, many scientists still believed in the miasma theory, and saw no reason to clean up
- The Great Stink 1858
- The Summer was hot, and the smell in the dirty river of Thames was unbearable
- The smell was so bad, it convinced the government to build a new sewer system in London
- However, no action was taken to clean up other towns across the country
- Pasteur's Germ Theory: 1861
- Proved that disease was spread through germs
- It finally proved that dirt caused disease, persuaded tax payers to cover costs of public health reform
- The vote: 1967
- In 1867, working class men in towns were given the right to vote.in 1884 working class men in the country were given the right to vote
- They had to start making promises which appealed to the working class: making clowns clean
- Improved Technology
- Steam powered Machinery: Made it possible to build huge pipelines
- Lavatories: Flushing toilets meant no need for privies
- Vaccination: Made it possible to protect the people from small pox
- Cholera Epidemics: 1832, 1847, 1854
- Public health improvements ( 19th Century)
- Bazalgette's Water system: After Great Stink 1858
- 1857 Public health act: Making it compulsory for councils to cover costs of public health facilities
- Other public Health law's: improved housing standards, food standards and compulsory health education for children
- Compulsory vaccination for small pox after 1872
- Impact: This changed made towns cleaner, and infant deaths decreaed
- Liberal Health Reforms: 20th Century
- Compulsory training for midwives
- Free school meals
- Old Age pensions
- National Insurance act 1911: Set up sickness fund for all workers
- World War 2 1939-1945
- Evacuation: Middle class families in the countryside were shocked at poor health in working class evacuees
- The Blitz Spirit: Created a sense of community and working together. They began to believe in good healthcare and not just wealth
- The NHS 1945-(20th Century)
- The Beveridge Report 1942: Said that NHS Should be set up to provide free healthcare
- The NHS was set up in 1945
- There was opposition to the NHS
- Doctors did not want to be told what to do by the government and wanted freedom
- Attitudes to poor: some people still believed that poor were lazy and should not be helped, giving them free healthcare would make them lazier
- Councils did not want governments to take control of their hospitals
- Roman Public Health.
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