Philosophy AS

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  • Arguments for the existence of God
  • William Paley
    • Design Argument
    • Solar System: Orbit without colliding
    • Watchmaker Analogy: watch must have a maker like the universe.
    • Breastfeeding pigs: same amount of piglets as teats.
  • anthropomorphize's God.
    • David Hume
      • we have evolved and have life experience.
      • all things naturally made.
      • No God man created chaos.
      • if there is an omnibenevolent God why are there bad things
      • Design Argument
  • Ontological argument
  • Gaunilo
    • Perfect island: 'On behalf of the fool'
    • Anselm's argument is illogical.
  • Kant
    • Faith and reason
    • Criticized the OA not Anselm's argument
    • Believed we need experience to say something exists
  • Cosmological argument
    • Occum's razor
  • Aquinas
    • Galaxies are contingent
      • Everything contingent has an external cause.
  • Criticisms
    • Fallacy of composition
    • The universe may be an existent being
    • God being necessary is false logic
  • Philosophy
  • Natural Evil: Suffering caused by uncontrollable things.
    • Definitions
      • Moral Evil: suffering caused by man rejecting free-will and doing it themselves
        • e.g. Murder, ****, cheating, sexual assault.
      • Suffering: mental, physical, spiritual and emotional discomfort
        • E.g. grief, denial, anger, guilt.
    • E.g. Cancer, Tsunamis, Hurricanes
  • Problems
    • Logical Problem~ inconsistent triad. Only two can be true.
    • Evidential Problem~ there is intense suffering which an omniscient omnipotent god could prevent.
      • an omniscient being would prevent suffering. therefore it doesn't exist
      • The example of the girl
        • the example of the fawn.
          • an omniscient being would prevent suffering. therefore it doesn't exist
  • Responses
    • Aquinas says God is infinitely good.
    • God can be let off the hook with a technicality.
  • Hick's soul- making theodicy
    • God makes humans in his image and likeness.
    • An image is almost as valuable as the real thing
    • we develop virtues by experiencing things
    • We need to have evil because then we wouldn't be free and evil would be indistinguishable
    • Courage honor and love would be impossible without moral evil and we wouldn't have the ability to develop in God's likeness
    • Evil and Suffering
      • Strengths
        • Solves Logical Problem
        • Gives hope to Christians
        • Say's we will be rewarded for the suffering we have experience.
        • Says that we have an after life.
  • Strengths
    • Solves Logical Problem
    • Gives hope to Christians
    • Say's we will be rewarded for the suffering we have experience.
    • Says that we have an after life.
  • The Free Will Defense.
    • Free Will is vital.
      • Morality depends on freedom
        • genuine free will hen there needs to be a genuine possibility for evil
      • God is the most important being and he gave us free will.
    • we demonstrate free will daily.
    • we would be robots without free will.
  • Process Theodicy
    • God didn't create the world ex nihilo.
      • God is not transcendent
    • God persuaded chaotic matter. He also persuaded us to act in a harmonious way.
      • Genesis 1 is inaccurate
    • when we suffer God suffers.
    • Footprints poem
  • Religious Experiences
    • Religious experiences are where someone experiences a religious figure through revelation or encounter
  • Numinous experiences
    • Holy and direct from God~ Moses and the burning bush
    • Outside of possible knowledge
    • 'awe' and 'wonder'
    • ineffable
  • God may not be omnipotent. he is imminent and finite
    • Mystical experiences
      • when we die we have a union with the divine. In a higher universe
      • God meets the person 'on the basis of their personal  concerns'
  • Only the word of individual
    • Some change their lifestyles
    • Some are group experiences
    • Swinburne says that we should believe people unless there are reasons not to.
    • Verifying religious experiences
  • Private experiences
    • Just because they're private doesn't make them false.
      • Dreams cannot be proved.
  • Ineffable
    • Difficult to compare.
    • Can be described as religious if it fits description
  • Contradictory
    • Different interpretations
    • Different ways of expressing it
  • Rarity
    • 30-40% have
      • Range of general spiritual awareness to religious insights
  • Freud
    • 'religion is an illness'
    • Oedipus complex
    • RE's are hallucinations
    • Teresa of Avila's experience was repressed sexuality.
    • Hypothesis
  • Ramachandran
    • Neurologist concerned with TLE
    • Experiment if people with TLE are prone to RE's
      • TLE is called St.Paul's disease in Northern Ireland
    • RE's are self-generated
    • If God wants to give a RE Brain has to process.
  • Persinger
    • Cognitive Neuroscience researcher
    • God helmet
    • 900 people believed they had an RE.
  • Drugs
    • RE's have similar affects to hallucinogenic drugs.
    • When parts of brain are stimulated you get higher levels of consciousness
      • can be convinced that they've experienced God.
  • The Religious believer would have no difficulty in accepting and receiving RE's can  be generated through the mind

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