Partner Violence and Victim Blame

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  • Partner Violence
    • Aggression
      • IPV
        • aggression occuring between members of couples in current or former relationships (dixon and bowen, 12)
      • Violence
        • aggression with extreme harm as goal (e.g. death)
      • Partner Violence
        • any incident of controlling, coersive, threatening violence or abuse between those aged 16+, who are or have been intimate partners or family members
      • Controlling Behaviour Scale (graham-kevan and archer, 08)
        • 24 items
        • 5 themes: economic (4), threatening (4), intimidating (3), emotional (3), isolatory (3)
      • any behaviour directed toward another individual carried out with intention to cause harm
        • perpetrator must believe behaviour will harm target
        • target is motivated to avoid behaviour
    • Serious Crime Act (2015)
      • offence in relation to controlling or coersive behaviour in intimate or family relationships (repeatedly or continually with serious effect on victim)
    • Conflict Tactics Scale
      • straus et al., 96/97
      • criticisms
        • acts considered out of context and consequences not considered (dobash et al., 92)
        • response format
        • does not measure self defence/initiator
    • Victim Impact
      • women
        • more likely phys/sexual abuse
      • men
        • more likely verbal abuse
          • taken less seriously, don't consider it a crime, harsher penalties
      • psych control and phys violence  associated with depression, poor health, substance use
      • LGBT
        • at least as frequent as hetero women
        • specific aspects different e.g. forced outing
    • Victim Blame
      • THEORIES
        • Attribution Theory (heider, 58)
          • Just World Hypothesis (hogg & vaughn, 14)
            • Fundamental Attribution Error
              • Actor-Observer Effect
                • Defensive Attribution Hypothesis
                  • percieved similarity to victim (more similar = more positive)
                    • more likely to blame victim if not like us
                  • defense mechanism to protect observer from being blamed themselves
                • attribute others behaviour to stable dispositional causes and own behaviour to situational/ external
              • attribute others behaviour to their stable disposition (despite evidence of environmental factors
            • victims deemed responsible for own misfortune (bad things happen to bad people)
            • as we need to see world as predictable, controllable and safe
          • describes way we attribute responsibility
          • process info with aim of explaining what happened
      • Offender Perspective
        • Cognitive Distortion - offence-supportive beliefs help offender to minimise/ justify (ward and casey, 10)
        • Grubb & Turner, 12 - men victim blame more, more blamed women violating gender roles. women drank blamed more
        • Whailey, 96 - revealing clothing = more responsible, character 'less respectable' = blamed more
      • Alcohol - disinhibitory effect, blame attribution, double standard

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