Nazi Germany
- Created by: Joe Manktelow
- Created on: 13-05-13 14:43
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- Nazi Germany
- Establishing a One-Party State
- Along with intimidation at polling booths helped Nazi's win 43.9% of vote and 288 seats. NOT MAJORITY!
- Once Hitler was made Chancellor used radio to spread party propaganda.
- Reichstag fire in Feb 1933 led to ban of KPD.
- March 23 1933 the Enabling act was passed which gave Hitler the power rule by decree for 4 years.
- With KPD banned and SA intimidation only SPD deputies voted against the act, 441 votes to 94.
- Trade Unions dissolved in May 1920, replaced by German Workers Front (controlled workers instead of representing them).
- SPD banned June 1933, DNVP dissolved itself June 1933.
- July, law passed preventing the establishment of any new parties.
- Armed forces:
- Night of the Long Knives: (30 June-2 July 1934) carried out by ** troops with Georing in control. Rohm and 200 others arrested and shot.
- Hitler now had support of army and gained control of SA.
- Army detested SA.
- Night of the Long Knives: (30 June-2 July 1934) carried out by ** troops with Georing in control. Rohm and 200 others arrested and shot.
- Hindenburg died Aug 1934, Hitler combined Chancellor and President=Fuhrer. Army swore oath of loyalty.
- Intolerance
- Youth Organisations
- Aims: Turn young into loyal Nazi's. Prepare best of the children for leaderships.
- Methods: Nazi Youth formed after 1933, young children encouraged to join.
- Used control over teachers to influence what children learn't at school.
- Anti-semitism
- Origins
- Origins not clear.
- Blamed for defeat in WW1.
- Took revenge on race of doctor who failed to save Hitlers mother.
- 1937-8
- 1937: Aryanisation of businesses began, involved forced sale of Jewish businesses at a reduced prices to Germans.
- 1938: All Jewish property had to be registered, emigration encouraged. 250,000 left many stayed believing it would die down.
- Many countries reluctant to take Jews as they were usually poor and unemployed due to Nazi policies.
- Night of the Broken Glass 8-9 Nov 1938: a violent pogrom. In 15 hours 177 synagogues destroyed, 7,000 Jewish owned businesses looted and destroyed. 30,000 Jewish men sent to concentration camps.
- 1935-6
- Sept 1935: Nuremberg laws introduced - this banned sexual relations between Germans and Jews and banned marriages.
- 1936 Berlin Olympics - meant anti-antisemitism had to be toned down and signs forbidding Jews from public facilities (parks and cafes).
- 1933
- Law of Restoration of the Professional Civil Service to exclude Jews from public employment. Not successful Hindenburg stepped in to protect Jews who fought in WW1 or Father/Son died in.
- April- Boycott of all Jewish shops. Not successful, most shops shut for Jewish Sabbath.
- Origins
- Women
- Methods: Propaganda,contraception and abortion made illegal, encouraged to stop smoking and to attend mother and home-craft classes, Financial rewards for charity. By 1936 birth rates rose by 30%.
- Aims: Place was for home and family.
- Asocials
- The Work-Shy
- Summer of 1938 11,000 beggars tramps and gypsies sent to concentration camps.
- Homeless People
- Mass arrests in 1933. Prevention Detention Decree (1937) showed that the liberty to roam free showed a mindset that rejected the need to put the state first.
- Married Women
- Women in work
- increasingly forced from their jobs to take up role of wife and mother.
- If married for 20 years and childless encouraged to divorce.
- Women in work
- Homosexual men
- Lesbians
- Those who refused to accept the role of mother and wife were sent to Ravensbruck, and all female concentration camp.
- 1936-39 30,000 homosexual men sentenced to death in German courts.
- SA purged to remove homosexuals.
- Lesbians
- Alcoholics
- 1933 Law permitting sterilisation of those with hereditary defects (one of these was chronic alcoholism.
- Disabled people
- T-4 program-72,000 disabled adults killed.
- Criminals
- 1939- Youth concentration camps. Juvenile offences had increased from 16,000 (1933) to 21,000 (1940).
- Communism
- SPD members
- The Work-Shy
- Youth Organisations
- Rise to Power 1928-33
- The attraction and strengths of the party
- Supported by farmers and under-35's .
- Sept 1930: won 18.3% of vote and 107 seats.
- SA disrupted meetings of SPD and KPD.
- Gained support of Hungenburg who owned 500 newspapers and a Universal film corporation
- Meant Nazi message heard at a time of 23% unemployement and 63% full-time employment.
- Failures of Democracy and role of elite
- Von Papen lifted ban on SA-Stormtroopers v. Reichbanner. (99 killed in street fighting for 5 weeks).
- Grand Coalition couldn't come to an agreeement in how to solve problems of wall street crash (1931 5 major banks collapsed and 20,000 businesses bankrupt).
- Army in favor of Hitler to protect Germany from Communism, used appointment of Hitler to Chancellor to control him.
- Weimar failed to solve any of Germany's problems, and so turned to extrememists, this left Hindenburg no choice but to turn to Hitler.
- July 1932 Nazi's become largest party, winning 37.3% of vote. NOT MAJORITY!
- Sept 1932-lost 2 million votes and 34 seats. Mainly to do with refusal to join a coalition.
- The attraction and strengths of the party
- Ideology
- Anti-Democratic.
- Strong central govt.
- Unite German speaking people.
- Anti-Semitic.
- Anti-Communist.
- Protect German people by defeating inferior people and securing their land.
- Volksgemeinschaft.
- Fuhrer Myth
- Ideology:
- Democracyfailed, instead a strong leader was needed to be more decisive, one party state was more attractive.
- Untitled
- Role of Goebbels:
- Hitler presented as Heir by great a Great German Statesman.
- Developed by Goebbels propaganda ministry.
- Nuremberg rallies occasions of mass worship, 500,000 listening to his words.
- Hitler's previous successes:
- Winning over Goebbels at Bomberg Conference in 1936.
- Reinstatement as leader of NSDAP, being brought back after openly resigning showed his importance to the movement.
- Overturning ToV and tamed unemployment.
- Why was it created?
- Felt he could act in ways in which the Weimar govt failed to do so to restore Germany, such as ToV.
- Saw Hitler as a man apart from the rest due to his youthful energy.
- German history and psychology of German people/
- Loyalty of important organisations:
- ** swore oath of loyalty to Hitler and after death of Hindenburg the army did. Showed acceptance of Hitler as key leader of Germany.
- Ideology:
- Establishing a One-Party State
- Methods: Nazi Youth formed after 1933, young children encouraged to join.
- Used control over teachers to influence what children learn't at school.
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