Sustainable Cities - London
- Created by: ZodiacRat
- Created on: 06-06-15 17:07
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- London
- Transport and communications
- Public transport
- Between 1997 and 2004, rail passenger demand rose by 22%, while capacity only rose by 13%.
- Overcrowding on the underground and national rail is widespread.
- Public transport demand is predicted to grow faster than the current rate of capacity enhancements.
- Cars
- The dominant mode of transport
- 40% of all journeys are by car.
- 41% of workers living in London use the car as their main mode of travel to work.
- In outer London 50% of all journeys are by car.
- Set to be an additional 400,000 cars in London by 2025.
- Foot/cycle
- Over 50% of tube journeys in central London are quicker on foot, but people can easily can lost on foot or bike.
- City's roads date back to medieval times and are twisty/short. Google Maps has made it slightly easier to navigate.
- London tube map gives mistaken impressions about distance.
- Communications
- Video confferencing has reduced the need for transport.
- London has the greatest access to the internet compared with all other areas of the UK (80%).
- Digital divide between the rich and poor.
- Public transport
- Disparities in wealth
- Inequality
- Most unequal city in the developed world, richest tenth of the population amassing 273 times the wealth owned by the bottom.
- Alarming health gap - life expectancy at birth rising annually in richest groups, almost no rise for the poorest.
- Female life expectancy in Kensington: 89 years
- Female life expectancy in Newham: 80.5 years
- Unemployment
- Higher unemployment rate than the rest of the UK (9.9% in 2011).
- Large numbers of people in economically active range.
- Resident labour force is supplemented by commuters.
- 1/5 of London jobs are filled by people outside of the city.
- Youth unemployment
- Number of youth not in employment, education or training has jumped by 26,380 since 2008.
- In 2008 the number of 16 to 24 year olds claiming jobseeker's allowance was 32,945 and has since risen by at least 20,000.
- All 32 London boroughs have seen a rise in the number of young people claiming the benefit since 2008.
- Youth unemployment has more than doubled in areas such as Croydon, Ealing and Barnet since 2008.
- House prices
- Average price at the end of 2011 was around £400,000, Kensington had an average of over £1.3 million, while Barking and Dagenham had an average of £180,000.
- 50% higher than the national figure.
- Lack of affordable homes, more people now living alone there has been a trend towards more, but smaller, households, which increases the demand.
- Inequality
- Areal extent
- Urban sprawl
- Expansion of urban areas into surrounding non-urban areas.
- Urbanisation encroaches on the countryside and has detrimental environmental impacts.
- Brownfield sites are now favoured.
- Increase in wealth and the number of households.
- Transport improvements, increase in car ownership.
- Shorter working hours.
- Pressure to build on greenbelt
- People want to live in greenfield areas
- Not enough room for housing and overcrowing.
- Parts of city require refurbishment.
- Growing number of migrants and too little land available.
- Concentrated pressure on resources
- More money in city so want to spend money on buildings/land.
- High property prices in central London.
- Demand and prices rising.
- Longer life expectancy and more single-person households, higher divorce rate, people getting married later - careers over settling down.
- Aesthetic, and expensive to clear brownfield sites.
- In 2007, government planned to build 240,000 new homes every year until 2016.
- Urban sprawl
- Quality of environment
- Creates its own environmental problems.
- Air pollution, known to cause the premature deaths of about a thousand Londoners per year.
- More pollution from cars as households are owning more.
- Traffic congestion adds to pollution with cars being stationary for long periods of time.
- Disposal of waste is an issue. Collecting and disposing is a huge task with enormous environmental and economic costs.
- Improved recycling performance, but most boroughs fail to meet the average rates achieved across the UK.
- Some boroughs achieve more than 40% but some fail to even meet the 2007 target of 20%.
- Costs £580 million per year to manage London's waste. If London recycled 60% of its waste, £63 million could be saved each year.
- Landfill capacity is also due to expire within London by 2021, space is expected to run out by 2025.
- Transport and communications
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