Language and Identity
- Created by: Tashie7
- Created on: 27-03-16 14:13
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- Language and Identity (Written)
- Language and Power
- Types of power
- Instrumental- used to maintain or enforce authority.
- Power is explicit as it can be imposed by an authoritative figure.
- Influential- used to influence others.
- Social- class, gender and age
- Personal- as a result of occupation or role
- Political- held by politicians or those working in law.
- Instrumental- used to maintain or enforce authority.
- Power in Spoken discourse
- The term power asymmetry means one speaker has a higher status than the other speaker.
- One speaker is the powerful participant who places constraints on the other less powerful participant by interrupting etc.
- According to Fairclough, in 2001, these power relationships are known as unequal encounters where the norms of turn taking don't operate.
- Asymmetry address forms are an imbalance that indicate a difference in status.
- Power symmetry is when participants in a conversation are equal.
- The term power asymmetry means one speaker has a higher status than the other speaker.
- Power in Conversation
- Initiating/ changing closing topic- controlling the topic content is a sign of higher status.
- Speech length- often, the person who speaks the most has greater power,but this depends on context.
- Question asking- the use of direct questions may indicate a higher status.
- Interruption- those with a higher status are more likely to interrupt.
- Non verbal power
- Appearance and body language- you can gauge how powerful a person is via their appearance. Body language can express mood, attitude and intent.
- Prosodic features of speech- tone and volume can be linked to power along with rhythm and emphasis.
- Power in written text
- Power in discourse- the ways in which power is manifested in situations through language
- Power behind discourse- the focus on the social and ideological reasons behind the enactment of power.
- Epistemic modality strongly clarify any elements of possibility.
- Deontic modality express elements of permission, obligation and requirement.
- Jargon-using specialist vocabulary.
- Types of power
- Power in advertising
- Fairclough 2001
- 1. Synthetic personalisation- the construction of a relationship between producer and receiver.
- 2.Creating an image of the text- using verbal and visual cues to evoke knowledge, behaviour and lifestyle frames.
- 3. Building the consumer- positioning the receiver as an ideal reader in line with the texts ideological viewpoint.
- Fairclough 2001
- Ethnic identity
- Pidgin
- Pidgin is a second language to all its speakers.
- It is a language invented by adults of different languages in order to communicate with one another.
- The lexicon of the language consists of loan-words from the various languages in society.
- The grammar of the language is different for different speakers.
- Often short lived, blend of two languages, likely to follow the grammar of the dominant language and has a clear and definite use. For example,. trade.
- Creole
- Creole is a stable, natural language developed through the mixing of parent language.
- Differs from Pidgin because it has been established by children as their first language, not their second language.
- The creole spoken by African-Caribbean's is sometimes called Patois.
- Creoles and Patois are a symbol of group identity and solidarity.
- Pidgin
- Regional variation
- Features include: multiple negation, comparatives and superlatives, not using adverbs, omission of preposition, substituting 'th' for 'f' and 'ing' becoming 'ink.
- Theorists
- Jenny Cheshire Reading Study- she found that girls tended to use more standard English whereas boys tended to use non standard English more frequently.
- Trudgill Norwich Study 1974 found that the lower social class drop the final consonant more frequently and found that males tend to drop the final consonants more often than females.
- Giles the Capital Punishment Experiment 1975- found speakers with a standard accent were rated highly for competence features and speakers with non standard/regional accents were rated highly for social attractiveness aand personal integrity.
- Milton Keynes study 1996 found that younger speakers were helping to create a new dialect.
- Language and Power
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